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初中英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)之時(shí)態(tài)
初中英語時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn):過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法詳解
(1) 表示在過去某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,此時(shí)句中往往有表示過去的時(shí)間狀語then,at that time,this time,yesterday等。
I was doing my homework when my mother came to home.
(2)敘述在過去的同一時(shí)間都在進(jìn)行的幾個(gè)動(dòng)作,通常用While
I was studying at college while my brother was teaching at university..
(3)表示在過去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
They were expecting you yesterday, but you didn't turn up.
初中英語時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn):一般現(xiàn)在表過去的用法
1.用于某些動(dòng)詞(tell, say, hear, learn, gather等)表示不確定的過去時(shí)間:
John tells me you will leave tomorrow. 約翰告訴我你明天離開。
I hear that he got married last month. 我聽說他上個(gè)月結(jié)婚了。
I hear you want a secretary. 我聽說你需要一個(gè)秘書。
He says the matter is rather urgent. 他說這事相當(dāng)緊急。
Mary says you told her to come over here. 瑪麗說是你讓她到這兒來的。
It really gets me when he says those stupid things. 他說那些傻話真讓我生氣。
2.當(dāng)要陳述一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)時(shí),有時(shí)即使有過去時(shí)間狀語也可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):
The story is set in the summer of 1937. 故事的背景是1937年夏天。
The story begins in the year 1937. 故事開始于1937年。
初中英語時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn):運(yùn)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常見的幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤
1、把動(dòng)詞變成現(xiàn)在分詞形式易出錯(cuò)。例:
(1)誤:They are swiming (swim) .
正:They are swimming (swim).
(2)誤:Jenny is plaiing (play) football.
正:Jenny is playing (play) football.
解析:A、動(dòng)詞變現(xiàn)在分詞可有如下口訣:一般-ing;啞e先去e;重閉單輔先雙寫;-ie結(jié)尾y來替。
B、動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則要與名詞變復(fù)數(shù)、動(dòng)詞變現(xiàn)單三等規(guī)則區(qū)分開來。
2、謂語部分的構(gòu)成不完整:丟掉be動(dòng)詞,或忘記把動(dòng)詞變成現(xiàn)在分詞。例:
(1)誤:Look! Two children flying (fly) a kite in the park.
正:Look!Two children are flying (fly) a kite in the park.
(2)誤:Li Ming isn't read ( not read) a book in bed now.
正:Li Ming isn't reading ( not read) a book in bed now.
解析:現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的謂語部分的構(gòu)成是"be+現(xiàn)在分詞",二者缺一不可,這一點(diǎn)必須要牢記。
3、對(duì)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組提問時(shí),丟掉代動(dòng)詞doing。例:
The students are singing in the room.(對(duì)劃線部分提問)
→誤:What are the students in the room?
→正:What are the students doing in the room?
解析:現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中對(duì)動(dòng)作提問可記住此句式"What +be +主語+doing+其它?"或簡(jiǎn)寫為"What......doing......? "句式。
4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的謂語部分是并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),容易忽視第二個(gè)以及第二個(gè)以后的動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。例:
孩子們?cè)谂苓是在跳?
誤:Are the children running or jump?
正:Are the children running or jumping?
解析: or連接的是兩個(gè)并列成分,動(dòng)詞形式須一致。
初中英語時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn):現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的應(yīng)用
(1) 表示目前正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:
They are planting trees on the mountain. 他們?cè)谏缴现矘洹?/p>
Mother is preparing supper in the kitchen. 母親在廚房做晚飯。
(2) 有些非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作即將進(jìn)行或發(fā)生,或表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)。如:
He is joining the army. 他要參軍了。
They are buying the house. 他們要買那座房子。
(3) 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)中有always, forever, constantly, continually修飾時(shí),表示說話人的贊賞或厭煩的感情。如:
Why is the baby always crying? 為什么那個(gè)老是在哭。
They are always helping us. 他們總是幫助我們。
注意:表示狀態(tài)、感覺、心理活動(dòng)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,一般不使用語進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
初中英語時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn):過去完成時(shí)由過去的過去來判定
由"過去的過去"來判定。
過去完成時(shí)表示"過去的過去",是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:
( 1 )賓語從句中
當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí),且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。如:
She said that she had seen the film before.
( 2 )狀語從句中
在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的,要用過去完成時(shí),動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如:
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意: before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如:
Where did you study before you came here?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
( 3 )表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
初中英語時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn):過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1. 時(shí)間狀語不同:過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)"過去的過去";而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。試比較:
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語作標(biāo)志時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷:先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。如:
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用 and 或 but 連接時(shí),按時(shí)間順序,只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí);另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后,因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。如:
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the office.
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