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初中英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)之時(shí)態(tài)
初中英語時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法詳解
(1) 表示在過去某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，此時(shí)句中往往有表示過去的時(shí)間狀語then,at that time,this time,yesterday等。
I was doing my homework when my mother came to home.
(2)敘述在過去的同一時(shí)間都在進(jìn)行的幾個(gè)動(dòng)作，通常用While
I was studying at college while my brother was teaching at university..
(3)表示在過去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
They were expecting you yesterday, but you didn't turn up.
初中英語時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：一般現(xiàn)在表過去的用法
1.用于某些動(dòng)詞(tell, say, hear, learn, gather等)表示不確定的過去時(shí)間：
John tells me you will leave tomorrow. 約翰告訴我你明天離開。
I hear that he got married last month. 我聽說他上個(gè)月結(jié)婚了。
I hear you want a secretary. 我聽說你需要一個(gè)秘書。
He says the matter is rather urgent. 他說這事相當(dāng)緊急。
Mary says you told her to come over here. 瑪麗說是你讓她到這兒來的。
It really gets me when he says those stupid things. 他說那些傻話真讓我生氣。
2.當(dāng)要陳述一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)時(shí)，有時(shí)即使有過去時(shí)間狀語也可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：
The story is set in the summer of 1937. 故事的背景是1937年夏天。
The story begins in the year 1937. 故事開始于1937年。
初中英語時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：運(yùn)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常見的幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤
1、把動(dòng)詞變成現(xiàn)在分詞形式易出錯(cuò)。例：
(1)誤：They are swiming (swim) .
正：They are swimming (swim).
(2)誤：Jenny is plaiing (play) football.
正：Jenny is playing (play) football.
解析：A、動(dòng)詞變現(xiàn)在分詞可有如下口訣:一般-ing;啞e先去e;重閉單輔先雙寫;-ie結(jié)尾y來替。
B、動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則要與名詞變復(fù)數(shù)、動(dòng)詞變現(xiàn)單三等規(guī)則區(qū)分開來。
2、謂語部分的構(gòu)成不完整：丟掉be動(dòng)詞，或忘記把動(dòng)詞變成現(xiàn)在分詞。例：
(1)誤：Look! Two children flying (fly) a kite in the park.
正：Look!Two children are flying (fly) a kite in the park.
(2)誤：Li Ming isn't read ( not read) a book in bed now.
正：Li Ming isn't reading ( not read) a book in bed now.
解析：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的謂語部分的構(gòu)成是"be+現(xiàn)在分詞"，二者缺一不可，這一點(diǎn)必須要牢記。
3、對(duì)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組提問時(shí)，丟掉代動(dòng)詞doing。例：
The students are singing in the room.(對(duì)劃線部分提問)
→誤：What are the students in the room?
→正：What are the students doing in the room?
解析：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中對(duì)動(dòng)作提問可記住此句式"What +be +主語+doing+其它?"或簡(jiǎn)寫為"What......doing......? "句式。
4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的謂語部分是并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，容易忽視第二個(gè)以及第二個(gè)以后的動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。例：
孩子們?cè)谂苓�是在跳?
誤：Are the children running or jump?
正：Are the children running or jumping?
解析: or連接的是兩個(gè)并列成分，動(dòng)詞形式須一致。
初中英語時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的應(yīng)用
(1) 表示目前正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
They are planting trees on the mountain. 他們?cè)谏缴现矘洹?/p>
Mother is preparing supper in the kitchen. 母親在廚房做晚飯。
(2) 有些非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作即將進(jìn)行或發(fā)生，或表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)。如：
He is joining the army. 他要參軍了。
They are buying the house. 他們要買那座房子。
(3) 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)中有always, forever, constantly, continually修飾時(shí)，表示說話人的贊賞或厭煩的感情。如:
Why is the baby always crying? 為什么那個(gè)老是在哭。
They are always helping us. 他們總是幫助我們。
注意：表示狀態(tài)、感覺、心理活動(dòng)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞，一般不使用語進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
初中英語時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：過去完成時(shí)由過去的過去來判定
由"過去的過去"來判定。
過去完成時(shí)表示"過去的過去"，是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：
( 1 )賓語從句中
當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。如：
She said that she had seen the film before.
( 2 )狀語從句中
在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如：
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如：
Where did you study before you came here?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
( 3 )表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
初中英語時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1. 時(shí)間狀語不同：過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)"過去的過去";而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。試比較：
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。如：
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用 and 或 but 連接時(shí)，按時(shí)間順序，只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí);另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后，因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。如：
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the office.
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