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小升初英語語法講解

時(shí)間:2023-05-05 02:04:53 英語語法 我要投稿

小升初英語語法精選講解

  小升初英語語法大全:現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

小升初英語語法精選講解

  現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行的形式

  I / we / they have been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞

  He / she / it has been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞

  現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行的功用

  1) 表示一個(gè)在過去開始而在最近剛剛結(jié)束的行動(dòng),如:

  Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.

  Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

  2) 表示一個(gè)從過去開始但仍在進(jìn)行的行動(dòng),如:

  It has been raining for two hours. (現(xiàn)在還在下)

  Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.

  3) 表示一個(gè)從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可以包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一個(gè)階段內(nèi),重復(fù)發(fā)生的行動(dòng),如:

  She has been playing tennis since she was eight.

  4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為的結(jié)果、影響,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為本身,如:

  Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.

  The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.

  注意:

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有否定結(jié)構(gòu)、而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)沒有否定結(jié)構(gòu)。

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)可表示做完的時(shí)期以及已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不可以。

  現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定結(jié)構(gòu)

  在當(dāng)代英語中,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也可用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

  Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自從上周發(fā)生了那次不幸事故之后,我一直睡得很不好.

  He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并沒有給我工作過,我和他沒有過那許多接觸。

  否定句構(gòu)成:

  主語+has/have+not+been+現(xiàn)在分詞

  一般疑問句構(gòu)成:

  Have/has+主語+been+現(xiàn)在分詞+其他

  小升初英語語法大全:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must與have to的用法

  must 的用法

  一、表義務(wù),“必須”。例如:

  You must talk to them about their study. 你必須同他們談?wù)勱P(guān)于他們學(xué)習(xí)的事。

  二、在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中表不許。例如:

  You mustn't leave here. 你不能離開這兒。

  三、表推測(cè),暗含有很大的可能性。例如:

  He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他肯定是病了。他的臉色那么蒼白。

  注意:之前我們說過 may 也可以表猜測(cè),但是 may 暗含的可能性較小,must 暗含的可能性較大。另外否定的猜測(cè)是用can't。例如:

  The baby can't be ill. He is so active. 那寶寶不大可能是病了。他那么活躍。

  四、表不可避免,“必然要,必定會(huì)”。例如:

  All men must die. 人總有一死。

  五、表主張,“堅(jiān)持要,一定要”。例如:

  If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops. 如果你堅(jiān)持要走,至少也要等雨停了再走。

  六、關(guān)于 must 的簡短回答:

  -Must I clean the dining room at once? 我必須馬上打掃膳廳嗎?

  -Yes, you must. 是的。

  -No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. 不必馬上打掃。

  have to 的用法

  一、have to 表客觀的需要和義務(wù),must 表主觀的認(rèn)識(shí)。例如:

  I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi. 我沒搭上火車,所以我只得打的。(客觀上需要打的)

  I must study hard. 我必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。(主觀上認(rèn)為應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí))

  二、在疑問句和否定句中,have to 多用助動(dòng)詞 do 構(gòu)成,must 則直接提前或加not。例如:

  Did he have to do it? = Must he do it? 他得做那件事嗎?

  而且在否定句中,have to 表不需要,must 表不允許:

  You don't have to go there. 你不需要去那兒。

  You mustn't go there? 你不可去那兒。

  小升初英語語法大全:介詞短語的運(yùn)用

  什么叫做介詞短語

  介詞 + 名詞(或者代詞,或者相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語、從句)= 介詞短語

  in the morning 在早晨

  under the tree 在樹下

  from China 來自中國

  *注意區(qū)別“介詞短語”和“短語介詞”:

  介詞短語是(介詞 + 名詞性短語),可以單獨(dú)作為句子成分;

  短語介詞是(一個(gè)相當(dāng)于介詞的短語),不能單獨(dú)作為句子成分。

  短語介詞:

  according to 根據(jù)

  ahead of 在……之前

  apart from 在……之外

  because of 由于

  by means of 以……之手段

  by way of 作為

  介詞短語的位置

  一、位于動(dòng)詞之后表示位置

  She lives in Shanghai.

  她住在上海。

  The children are playing in the street now.

  現(xiàn)在孩子們?cè)诮稚贤妗?/p>

  二、位于動(dòng)詞之后表示方向

  He went into the kitchen.

  他到廚房里去。

  三、位于句首表示突出、對(duì)照

  In the garden everything was so beautiful.

  花園里一切都是那么美麗。

  四、位于句首,倒裝主謂

  Behind me lay the fields.

  在我的后面是一片田野。

  On the desk is a bag.

  桌子上有一個(gè)袋子。

  五、位于名詞之后,用于限制前面的名詞

  The apple on the plate is for you.

  盤子上的蘋果是給你的。

  小升初英語語法大全:延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法特征

  一、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的概念

  英語中,動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、動(dòng)作發(fā)生過程的長短,可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

  延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作,這種動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。

  非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也稱終止性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞或短暫性動(dòng)詞,表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作,這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如:open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow, buy等。

  二、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法特征

  1. 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),其完成時(shí)態(tài)可與表示“時(shí)間段”的狀語連用。

  表示時(shí)間段的短語有:for+一段時(shí)間(eg: for two years), since從句(eg: since he came here), since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)名詞(eg: since last year), during the past three years, how long, for a long time等。

  例:I have learned English since I came here. 自從我來到這兒就學(xué)習(xí)英語了。

  2. 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與表示短暫時(shí)間的“時(shí)間點(diǎn)”狀語連用。

  如:It raind at eight yesterday morning.(誤)rain為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,而at eight表示“時(shí)間點(diǎn)”,前后顯然矛盾。

  如果要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一瞬間的動(dòng)作,可以借助come, begin, get等非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來表示。上句可改為:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.

  又如以下這段對(duì)話:

  -When did you get to know Jack? 你什么時(shí)候認(rèn)識(shí)Jack的?

  -Two years ago. 兩年前。

  -Then you've known each other for more than two years. 也就是說你們倆認(rèn)識(shí)兩年多了。

  -That's right. 沒錯(cuò)。

  小升初英語語法大全:dare的兩種用法

  Dare, meaning have the courage to do something, can also be used in two ways:

  Dare的意思是“有勇氣做某事”,它也有兩種用法:

  dare 作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞

  * as an ordinary verb followed by an infinitive with to, with s in the third person singular and with questions and negatives formed with do:

  作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),接帶to的不定式,第三人稱單數(shù)作主語時(shí)加s,疑問句和否定句用do來構(gòu)成:

  He never dares to criticise her for wasting money and she doesn't dare to interrupt him when he's working.

  他從不敢批評(píng)她浪費(fèi)錢,而她不敢打擾他工作。

  dare 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

  * as a modal auxiliary verb followed by an infinitive without to, with no third person singular s and with questions and negatives without do:

  作為情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞時(shí),接不帶to的不定式,第三人稱單數(shù)作主語時(shí)不加s,疑問句和否定句不需要用do來構(gòu)成:

  Dare she tell him what she thinks about him? She daren't say anything. He will only shout at her. "How dare you speak to me like that?" he will say.

  她敢告訴他她對(duì)他的想法嗎?她什么也不敢說。他只會(huì)對(duì)著她咆哮:“你怎敢那樣對(duì)我說話?”他肯定會(huì)這么說。

  比較

  Differences in use are not as fixed or clear cut between doesn't dare to and daren't as they are between doesn't need to and needn't, except in expressions or collocations such as:

  doesn't dare to與daren't在用法上的差別不像doesn't need to和needn't那么固定或清晰,除了在以下這些表達(dá)和搭配中:

  * How dare you?

  你怎么敢?

  eg: How dare you walk away when I'm talking to you?

  我在跟你說話的時(shí)候你怎么敢走開?

  * I dare you to…

  我諒你不敢……

  I dare you to go up to him and ask him for a date.

  我諒你也不敢走到他面前請(qǐng)他跟你約會(huì)。

  * I dare say…

  我敢說……

  I dare say you're pretty hungry after all that cycling.

  我敢說你騎了那么久后肯定餓死了。

  In this last example, I dare say means I suppose.

  最后一例中的I dare say的意思是I suppose,我料想。

  小升初英語語法零基礎(chǔ):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can與may的用法

  情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

  情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有一定的詞義,但詞義不完全,須同動(dòng)詞原形連用;

  情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化;

  疑問句直接把情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提前,否定句在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加not。

  *情態(tài)動(dòng)詞中有一類是具有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞特征的詞,如have to,但它有人稱、數(shù)的變化,它的疑問句和否定句的構(gòu)成方式也和其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有所不同。

  can 的用法

  一、表能力,有“能,會(huì),能夠”的意思。例如:

  -Can you drive a car? 你會(huì)開車嗎?

  -Yes, I can. 我會(huì)。/ No, I can't. 我不會(huì)。

  二、表允許,在口語中代替may,有“可以”的意思。

  (見下面 may 的用法第四點(diǎn))

  三、表示可能性,常用于否定句和疑問句。例如:

  Can it be true? 那會(huì)是真的嗎?

  Today is Sunday. He can't be at school. 今天是星期天,他不可能在學(xué)校里。

  很多同學(xué)都不太清楚 can 與 be able to 的異同吧,趕快來學(xué)習(xí)一下吧

  may 的用法

  一、表示許可或征求對(duì)方的許可,有“可以”的意思。例如:

  You may go now. 你可以走了。

  May I use your computer? 我用一下你的電腦可以嗎?

  二、回答以 may 開頭的疑問句有如下表達(dá)法:

  -May I smoke here? 我可以在這兒抽煙嗎?

  -Yes, you may. / Yes, please. 請(qǐng)抽吧。

  -No, you can't. / No, you mustn't. / No, you'd better not. 請(qǐng)不要抽煙。

  三、表示猜測(cè),通常只用于陳述句。例如:

  You may be right. 你可能是對(duì)的。

  四、在口語中 can 可以代替 may 表示許可,但 can 較隨便,may 更正式。例:

  Can I use your bike, John? 約翰,我可以用一下你的自行車嗎?

  May I have a look at your license please, sir? 先生,我可以看一下你的執(zhí)照嗎?

  小升初英語語法大全:can have done用法小結(jié)

  can have done

  can have done 通常只用于否定句和疑問句。用于否定句時(shí)表否定推斷,推測(cè)肯定沒做;用于疑問句時(shí)意為“難道真的做了嗎”,表示懷疑。例如:

  Can he have done such a foolish thing? (= Is it possible …?)

  他會(huì)做這樣的傻事嗎?(表懷疑)

  He can't have taken it home.

  他不可能把它帶回家了。(表不可能)

  could have done

  could have done 可用于肯定句、疑問句和否定句。用于肯定句既可以表示過去能夠做而實(shí)際未做,有惋惜、遺憾或委婉批評(píng)之意,也可以表示對(duì)過去動(dòng)作的推測(cè);用于否定句和疑問句的情況與can have done相同。例如:

  You could have done better, but you didn't try your best.

  你本可以做得更好,但是你沒有盡力而為。(表惋惜)

  This glass is cracked. Someone could have dropped it.

  這個(gè)玻璃杯破了?赡苁钦l把它掉在地上了。(表推測(cè)過去)

  Could he have left the work unfinished?

  他會(huì)丟下工作不干了?(表懷疑)

  He couldn't have checked out so early.

  他不可能這么早就離開了。(表不可能)

  注意:can't have done 的語氣比 couldn't have done 要強(qiáng)一些。例如:

  He can't have been to that town.

  他根本不可能去過那座城市。(語氣略強(qiáng))

  The measurement couldn't have been wrong.

  測(cè)量不可能出錯(cuò)了吧。(語氣稍弱)

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