初中英語語法總結(jié)（通用）
總結(jié)是事后對(duì)某一時(shí)期、某一項(xiàng)目或某些工作進(jìn)行回顧和分析，從而做出帶有規(guī)律性的結(jié)論，它可以給我們下一階段的學(xué)習(xí)和工作生活做指導(dǎo)，因此我們需要回頭歸納，寫一份總結(jié)了。但是總結(jié)有什么要求呢？下面是小編幫大家整理的初中英語語法總結(jié)，僅供參考，歡迎大家閱讀。
初中英語語法總結(jié)1
介詞又叫前置詞，在句子中不能單獨(dú)使用，總是與其后面的名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞一起構(gòu)成介詞短語，表達(dá)多種不同的意義。
介詞具有以下3大特點(diǎn)：
1、介詞后面的詞作介詞的賓語，被稱作介詞賓語。
2、介詞后面的代詞需用賓格形式。
3、介詞后面的動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)名詞形式。
介詞的用法
介詞不能單獨(dú)使用，介詞和介詞的賓語一起構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中作主語、表語、補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語、插入語。介詞短語有6種基本用法。
作主語
介詞短語作主語，位于句子開頭。
From Shanghai to Beijing is about 2 hours' flight.從上海到北京要飛大約4個(gè)小時(shí)。
注意介詞短語作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
作定語
介詞短語作定語，放在所修飾的詞的后面，作后置定語。
The girl in red is my sister.穿紅衣服的那個(gè)女孩是我妹妹。
作表語
介詞短語作表語，放在連系動(dòng)詞的后面。
Our English teacher is in the office .我們的.英語老師在辦公室。
She looks like her mother .她看上去像她媽媽。
作賓語補(bǔ)足語
介詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語，放在賓語的后面補(bǔ)充說明賓語是什么或怎么樣。
I always find her at her studies .我總是發(fā)現(xiàn)她在學(xué)習(xí)。
When she woke up，she found herself in hospital .當(dāng)她醒來時(shí)，她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己躺在醫(yī)院里。
作狀語
介詞短語作狀語，大都位于句末，有時(shí)也位于句子開頭，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因、目的等。
Can you sing this song in English ?你會(huì)用英語唱這首歌嗎?(方式狀語)
I'll meet you at your school gate .我將在你們學(xué)校門口接你。(地點(diǎn)狀語)
I was playing computer games at eight this morning.今天上午8點(diǎn)我在玩電腦游戲。(時(shí)間狀語)
Because of the traffic ，I was late for class.因?yàn)榻煌ㄔ蛭疑险n遲到了。(原因狀語)
作插入語
介詞短語作插入語，位于句首或句中。
He was too careless;in a word ，he made too manymistakes.他太粗心，總之，他出的錯(cuò)太多。
初中英語語法總結(jié)2
在英語中，to一詞用法及其靈活。除了常見“to do”結(jié)構(gòu)外，to還有介詞和副詞的用法。但我們大都是聽過記憶類似“be devoted to
doing”這種所謂的固定搭配學(xué)習(xí)，卻不知其中的to到底是何意。不同用法中，to的含義具體分別如下：
1. 向，對(duì)著(某方向或某處)：He walked to the school.他朝學(xué)校走去。
2. 位于…方向：There are many buildings to the north of mountains.
山北面坐落著很多樓房。
3. 到，達(dá)(某處)：Her long hair fell to the ground.她的長(zhǎng)發(fā)垂到地上。
4. 到，達(dá)(某狀態(tài))：He always tries to work to perfection. 他總是努力將工作做到完美。
5. 至(表示范圍或一段時(shí)間的結(jié)尾或界限)：The museum is open from 9:00 to
17:00.博物館開放時(shí)間為9:00到17:00。
6. 差，離：It is ten to ten. 現(xiàn)在是十點(diǎn)差十分。(9:50)
7. 給(引出接受者)：My mother gave a birthday present to me. 媽媽送我生日禮物。
8. 對(duì)于，關(guān)于(引出受事者)：What have done to the little boy? 你對(duì)這個(gè)小男孩做了什么?
9. 表示兩件事物相接：The printer is connected to the computer. 打印機(jī)與電腦相連。
10. 屬于，歸于(表示兩事物或兩人之間的關(guān)系)：the key to the door門的鑰匙
11. 指向：Terrorism is a threat to peace. 恐怖主義是對(duì)和平的威脅。
12. 表示引出比較的第二部分：
My mother prefer swimming to walking. 比起散步，媽媽更喜歡游泳。
China won the game by six goals to two.中國以六比二贏得比賽。
13. 等于，每(表示數(shù)量或比率)：There are 60 seconds to a minute. 一分鐘六十秒。
14. 向…表示敬意：
We will build a monument to the soldiers who died in the earthquake.
我們將為地震中犧牲的戰(zhàn)士修建紀(jì)念碑。
15. 伴隨：Everybody danced happily to the music. 所有人隨音樂換新起舞。
16. 為了給(用于表示動(dòng)作的'動(dòng)詞后)：The little boy rushed to his father. 小男孩向他爸爸沖過去。
17. 適合，致使：To my surprise, Jack could pass the exam. 令我驚訝的是，杰克竟能通過考試。
18. 按照…看法：To me, whether it’s right doesn’t matter. 對(duì)我而言，對(duì)錯(cuò)都不重要。
以上是to 作為介詞的主要用法，另外，to用作副詞還有“關(guān)著”之意：
1. Please push the door to. 請(qǐng)推門關(guān)上。
2. to and fro 來來回回：He couldn’t calm down and walked to and fro in the
room.他難以冷靜下來，在房里走來走去。
初中英語語法總結(jié)3
【—輔導(dǎo)之構(gòu)詞法】關(guān)于構(gòu)詞法的英語語法知識(shí)，希望同學(xué)們認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)。
構(gòu)詞法
英語構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：
(1)派生名詞：①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的.)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。
初中英語語法總結(jié)4
用一個(gè)句子作狀語，這個(gè)句子就是狀語從句。狀語從句通常用來修飾句子、動(dòng)詞或形容詞，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、目的、結(jié)果、方式、比較等。引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連詞叫從屬連詞。
16-1 時(shí)間狀語從句
在句中相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語的從句叫時(shí)間狀語從句。時(shí)間狀語從句常由從屬連詞when，while，as，before，after，as soon as，since，till，until等引導(dǎo)。如：
What are you going to be when you grow up ?你長(zhǎng)大以后打算干什么?
I will phone you as soon as I get there .我一到那兒就給你打電話。
1.引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的從屬連詞及用法
(1)when，while，as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句意為“當(dāng)……時(shí)”。如：
When the clock struck twelve ，all the lights went out.當(dāng)時(shí)鐘敲了十二下，燈全部都熄了。
While Peter was reading ，his wife was cooking.彼得看書的時(shí)候，他妻子在做飯。
He dropped the glass as he stood up .他站起來時(shí)，把杯子摔碎了。
注意：
①when表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)”，多用來表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)，也可表示時(shí)間段;從句中既可以用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也可用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞;when 從句多用一般過去時(shí)，主句時(shí)態(tài)沒有限制，根據(jù)具體情況而定;在將來時(shí)態(tài)中，常用when引導(dǎo)從句，且從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí);when表示時(shí)間段時(shí)可與while通用，但從句中必須用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如：
I was just reading a book when she came into my room.她走進(jìn)我房間時(shí)，我正在看書。
When I got to the airport，the guests had left.當(dāng)我趕到飛機(jī)場(chǎng)時(shí)，客人們已經(jīng)離開了。
When the manager comes here for a visit next week，I'll talk with him about this.下周經(jīng)理來這參觀時(shí)，我會(huì)和他談?wù)劥耸隆?/p>
�、趙hile表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候;在……之時(shí);在……期間”，所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，且通常用進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper，I was watching TV.當(dāng)妻子在看報(bào)紙的時(shí)候，我在看電視。
You can't do your homework while you're watching TV.你不能一邊看電視一邊做家庭作業(yè)。
�、踑s引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞既可以是延續(xù)性的，也可以是非延續(xù)性的。當(dāng)從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”時(shí)，往往可以與when或while通用，但as更側(cè)重主句與從句的行為同時(shí)發(fā)生，常譯作“隨著……;一邊……，一邊……”。如：
Kate read the book as she went along.凱特邊走邊讀書。
We took notes as we listened to the lecture.我們邊聽課邊記筆記。
(2)before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句意為“在……之前”。如：
Don't jump off the train before it stops.火車停之前不要往下跳。
Look at both ways before you cross the road.過馬路之前左右兩邊都要看。
I didn't know any English before I came here。我來這兒之前，一點(diǎn)英語都不懂。
(3)after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句意為“在……之后”。如：
I'll have a walk after I finish my work.我做完事后要去散步。
After he locked the door，he left.他鎖上門之后就走了。
注意：
為了表明動(dòng)作的先后，從句中動(dòng)詞可用過去完成時(shí)，主句用一般過去時(shí)。如：
After he had finished his work，he played a game of chess with his friends.他做完工作后，和朋友下了一會(huì)兒棋。
(4)until，till引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句意為“直到……為止”。如：
They waited till/until I returned.他們一直等到我回來。
Mr.Wang kept on explaining until the student understood.王先生反復(fù)地解釋直到學(xué)生聽懂了為止。
注意：
①until在肯定句中只與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，在否定句中通常與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，表示相應(yīng)動(dòng)作開始的`時(shí)間，意為“直到……才”。如：
He didn't leave until I came back.直到我回來他才離開。
②till用作連詞，與until同義，兩者經(jīng)常可換用，只是 until 比 till 稍正式。在正式文體中，一般用 until，而在口語或非正式文體中則兩者都可。till多與名詞或較短的從句連用，而較長(zhǎng)較復(fù)雜的成分多用 until;在句子開頭時(shí)，用 until而不用till。如：
She lived in Tokyo till (until)she died.她一直住在東京直到去世。
(√)Until he comes back，nothing can be done.在他回來之前，什么也不能做。
(×)Till he comes back，nothing can be done.在他回來之前，什么也不能做。
(5)since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句意為“自……以來”
Since I left school，I have written to him twice.自從我離開學(xué)校以來，我已經(jīng)給他寫過兩封信。
I have not heard from him since he left Shanghai.自從他離開上海以來，我就沒有收到過他的來信。
注意：
since引起的時(shí)間狀語從句通常用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：
I've worked here since I left school.自我離開學(xué)校以來我一直在這里工作。
(6)as soon as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句意為“一……就……”
I'll tell you as soon as I get here.我一到這里就告訴你。
I want to see him as soon as he arrives.他一到我就想見他。
2.時(shí)間狀語從句的時(shí)態(tài)
(1)當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般將來時(shí)，由when，before，after，as soon as，until 等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：
I 'll tell him the good news as soon as I see him.我一見到他，就告訴他這個(gè)好消息。
The boy will be a writer when he grows up.這個(gè)男孩長(zhǎng)大后將成為一名作家。
(2)當(dāng)主句的謂語含有can，may，must等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：
You can go home after you finish your homework.你做完作業(yè)后就可以回家。
When the lights are red，the traffic must stop .紅燈亮?xí)r，車輛必須停下。
You may wait here before your father comes .在你父親到來之前你可以在這兒等著。
(3)當(dāng)主句的謂語是want，hope，wish等動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式時(shí)，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：
He wants to be a doctor when he grows up.他長(zhǎng)大后想當(dāng)一名醫(yī)生。
She wants to work in America when she finishes college.她大學(xué)畢業(yè)后想在美國工作。
(4)當(dāng)主句是祈使句時(shí)，由when，before，after，until等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：
Don't get off the bus until it stops .公共汽車停下來再下車。
Please don't go to bed before you finish your homework.在完成作業(yè)之前，請(qǐng)不要睡覺。
(5)當(dāng)主句謂語用一般過去時(shí)，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句也要用一般過去時(shí)。如：
They talked about the party after people left .人們離開后，他們談?wù)撨@次晚會(huì)情況。
(6)當(dāng)before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句是過去時(shí)態(tài)，主句一般用過去完成時(shí)，有時(shí)也用一般過去時(shí)。如：
She had learned Japanese for three years before she went to Japan.她去日本之前學(xué)了三年日語。
She didn't know me before she came here.她到這里來之前不認(rèn)識(shí)我。
(7)since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句要用一般過去時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要用否定式。如：
He has waited here since you left .自從你走之后他一直在這等著。
He hasn't gone to the school since he finished the school.他畢業(yè)后再?zèng)]去過學(xué)校。
注意：
在It is+時(shí)間+since從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。如：
It is three years since I began to study English.我開始學(xué)英語已經(jīng)有三年了。
3.時(shí)間狀語從句的位置
(1)when，before，after，as，while，as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的位置可位于句首，也可位于句末。放在句首時(shí)，從句后通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開，放在句末時(shí)，從句與主句之間一般不用逗號(hào)，只在句末用句號(hào)或問號(hào)。如：
When you came to see me，I was ready to leave.你來看我時(shí)，我正準(zhǔn)備離開。
You called me while I was watching TV.我在看電視時(shí)，你給我打了電話。
After she cleaned the classroom，she went home.她打掃完教室后回家了。
(2)since引起的時(shí)間狀語從句通常放在主句的后面。
I have learned English since I came to this school.我自從來到這個(gè)學(xué)校以來就一直在學(xué)英語。
初中英語語法總結(jié)5
冠詞是虛詞，本身不能單獨(dú)使用，也沒有詞義，它用在名詞的前面幫助指明名詞的含義。冠詞分為不定冠詞a(an)和定冠詞the兩種。不定冠詞僅用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面，表示“一”的意義，但不強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目觀念，只表示名詞為不特定者。定冠詞則表示名詞為特定者，表示“這”、“那”、“這些”、“那些”的意思，在可數(shù)的單復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前面都可以用。
I不定冠詞
We need an apple and a knife.
我們需要一個(gè)蘋果和一把刀子。
1.a和an的區(qū)別
不定冠詞有a[+]和an[+Q]兩種形式，a用于輔音(不是輔音字母)開頭的詞前。an用于元音(不是元音字母)開頭的詞前。
a boy, a university, a European country
u是元音字母，但發(fā)音是[U(]，是輔音。
an hour，an honor，an island
h是輔音字母，但它不發(fā)音，它的音標(biāo)是是元音。
an elephant，an umbrella，an egg
2(1)不定冠詞的用法
�、俜褐浮惾嘶蛭�。
eg. This is a pencil case.
�、谥覆痪唧w的'某個(gè)人或物。
eg. I met an old man On my way home.
�、塾迷谛驍�(shù)詞前,相當(dāng)于another.
eg. There’s a third boy near the shop.
�、鼙硎尽懊俊�(個(gè))”,相當(dāng)于every.
eg. They have music lessons twice a week.
必背!
give a lesson take a bath have a rest
教(一堂)課洗(個(gè))澡休息
have a talk have a fever have a good time
聽報(bào)告發(fā)燒過得愉快
have(take)a walk have a headache have a nice trip
散步頭疼旅途愉快
a lot of, a lot, a little, a few, a glass of, such a/an, have a word with, have a look, have a try, have a swim, a quarter, half an hour, three times a day, have a talk, give a talk, ten Yuan a kilo
(2)不定冠詞的位置
①不定冠詞—般放在所修飾的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。
eg, a bike, an egg
�、诋�(dāng)名詞被such, what, many修飾時(shí)，不定冠詞放在這些詞之后。
eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.
He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.
What a dangerous job it is!
Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.
�、郛�(dāng)名詞前的形容詞前有so, how, too等詞時(shí)，不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后。
Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.
How nice a film this is!
�、墚�(dāng)名詞前面有形容詞和quite, rather, very時(shí)，不定冠詞放在quite, rather之后,very之前。
eg.It is quite a good book.
That is rather a useful too1.
This is a very interesting story.
初中英語語法總結(jié)6
【—need】didn't need to do的.意思是過去不必做某事, 事實(shí)上也沒做。而needn't have done則表示過去不必做某事, 但事實(shí)上做了。
初中英語語法大全：need "不必做"和"本不該做"
didn't need to do表示： 過去不必做某事, 事實(shí)上也沒做。.
needn't have done表示： 過去不必做某事, 但事實(shí)上做了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 約翰開車去車站接瑪麗，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 約翰開車去車站接瑪麗，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，沒有遇上John的車。)
典型例題
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意為 "本不必"，即已經(jīng)做了某事，而時(shí)實(shí)際上不必要。
Mustn't have done 用法不正確，對(duì)過去發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行否定性推斷應(yīng)為couldn't have done, "不可能已經(jīng)"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）。
初中英語語法總結(jié)7
名詞
名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)
可數(shù)名詞指表示的人或事物可以用數(shù)來計(jì)量，它有單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。不可數(shù)名詞指所表示的事物不能用數(shù)來計(jì)量。物質(zhì)名詞與抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目，來統(tǒng)計(jì)，都成為不可數(shù)名詞。
不可數(shù)名詞前一般不能用冠詞a、an來表示數(shù)量，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。要表示“一個(gè)……”這一概念，就須加a piece
of這一類短語。要注意許多名詞在漢語里看來是可數(shù)名詞，在英語里卻不可數(shù)。如chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。
名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
A.一般情況下加-s。
B.以s, x, ch, sh, 結(jié)尾的加-es
C.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的改y為i再加-es
D.以f，fe結(jié)尾的，去掉f或fe，變成v再加-es
名詞的所有格
A. 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加’s，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾若沒有s，也要加’s。
如the worker's bike，the Children’ s ball
B. 表示幾個(gè)人共有一樣?xùn)|西，只需在最后一個(gè)人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，則需在各個(gè)名字后’ s。
如This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.
C. 如果是通過在詞尾加—s構(gòu)成的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，只加’。如the students’ books，the girls’ blouses
(另外名詞+of+名詞名詞是有生命的，我們就用’s結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系。如果名詞所表示的事物是無生命的，我們就要用名詞+of+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系。)
代詞
人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，指示代詞，不定代詞
人稱代詞
第一人稱單數(shù)I me my mine myself復(fù)數(shù) we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱單數(shù) you you your yours yourself復(fù)數(shù) you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱單數(shù) he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its
itself復(fù)數(shù)
they them their theirs themselves
物主代詞
物主代詞的用法形容詞性物主代詞后面一定要跟上一個(gè)名詞;名詞性物主代詞可作主語、表語、賓語。
反身代詞
反身代詞的構(gòu)成分兩種第一、二人稱反身代詞在形容詞性物主代詞后加上self或selves，第三人稱的反身代詞在賓格代詞后加上self或selves.
反身代詞的用法一種是作賓語，由主語發(fā)出的動(dòng)作又回到動(dòng)作者本身。如I enjoyed myself at the party.
另一種是作名詞或代詞的同位語;用來加強(qiáng)語氣。如I can do it myself.
指示代詞
指示代詞的特殊用法
● 為了避免重復(fù)，可用that，those代替前面提到過的名詞，但是this，these不可以。
this，that有時(shí)可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
不定代詞
one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
冠詞
不定冠詞an用在元音讀音開頭(不是指元音字母)的詞前，其余用不定冠詞a.
定冠詞的基本用法
A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B. 指談話雙方都知道的人或事物前面。
C. 用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面，表示某一類人或事物。
定冠詞的特殊用法
A. 用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物或方位名詞前。
B. 用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞的.最高級(jí)及only所修飾的名詞前。
C. 用在江河、海洋、山脈、湖泊、群島的名稱前面。
D. 用在由普通名詞和另外一些詞所構(gòu)成的專有名詞前面。
E. 用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前面，表示全家人或這一姓的夫婦二人。
F. 用在樂器名稱前。
G. 和某些形容詞連用，表示某一類人或事物。
名詞前不用冠詞的情況
A. 在專有名詞 (包括人名、地名、節(jié)日、月份、季節(jié)) 、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前—般不用冠詞。但在以Festival組成的民間節(jié)日前要加the。
B. 表示一類人或事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。
C. 名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時(shí)，不用冠詞。
D. 三餐飯、球類、棋類、游戲名稱前一般不用冠詞。正在有些詞組中，有無冠詞含義不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌邊
go to school去上學(xué);go to the school去那所學(xué)校;in hospital住院;in the
hospital在那個(gè)醫(yī)院里
初中英語語法總結(jié)8
規(guī)則變化
范圍 變化規(guī)則 例詞
大部分形容詞 加ly careless----carelessly
quiet----quietly
different----differently
輔音加le結(jié)尾的形容詞 變le為ly possible----possibly
terrible----terribly
comfortable----comfortably
gentle----gently
simple----simply
whole-wholly(例外)
元音字母加le結(jié)尾的形容詞 加ly sole-solely
以y結(jié)尾且讀音為 / i /結(jié)尾的形容詞 變le為ly easy----easily angry----angrily
noisy----noisily happy----happily
heavy----heavily healthy----healthily
以y結(jié)尾且讀音為 / ei /結(jié)尾的的形容詞 加ly shy-shyly
dry-dryly
gay--gayly/gaily
不規(guī)則變化
本身既是形容詞也是副詞，無需改變 fast----fast
early----early
high----high
hard----hard
late----late
far----far
wide----wide
alone----alone
形容詞和副詞為完全不同的單詞 good----well
初中階段唯一一個(gè)需要去掉字母e的單詞 true----truly
雖然以ly結(jié)尾，但卻是形容詞，不能直接用來修飾動(dòng)詞 friendly
lively
lovely
lonely
Likely
有些形容詞本身即為副詞，同時(shí)也有加ly的副詞形式。但加不加ly意思不一樣，使用時(shí)需注意
wide(形容詞，寬闊的，睜大的)----wide(副詞，睜大地)/widely(副詞，廣泛地),late(形容詞，晚的`)-----late(副詞，晚地)，lately(最近)
high(形容詞，高的)----high(副詞，高地)/highly(副詞，高度地)
特別容易犯錯(cuò)的副詞
形容詞 副詞 備注
hard hard hard副詞容易寫成hardly, hardly意思為“幾乎不”，與hard無任何關(guān)系
friendly 無 不能用friendly直接修飾動(dòng)詞，只能改成in a friendly way“用一種友好的方式”。如：
He smiled at me in a friendly way.
excited excitedly 容易拼錯(cuò)
healthy healthily 容易拼錯(cuò)
polite politely 不用去掉字母e。類似的詞還有：widely, nicely, closely,
初中英語語法總結(jié)9
1.should可表示惋惜、憂慮、歡欣、驚訝等感情色彩以及婉轉(zhuǎn)語氣。
Its a pity that she leave so soon. 很可惜，她很快就要離開了。(惋惜)
They were worried that their motherland should be in such great
danger.他們因祖國處在如此巨大的危險(xiǎn)中而感到憂慮。(憂慮)
It is unbelievable that my brother should be working so
hard.難以置信，我弟弟工作竟然如此努力。(驚訝)
I should think your answer is correct. 我想你的`答案該是對(duì)的吧。(婉轉(zhuǎn))
2.would可用于委婉的陳述、客氣的請(qǐng)求和委婉的建議。
I don’t think he would be so careless. 我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)那么粗心。
Would you like to come to my birthday party? 你想來參加我的生日聚會(huì)嗎?
3.dare可表示“膽敢”。
I dare not say such rude things.我不敢說粗話。
4.need可表示“需要”。
Need I finish the task this afternoon? 我今天下午要完成任務(wù)嗎?
Tom, you needn’t worry too much. 湯姆，沒必要這么擔(dān)心。
這里借用一下網(wǎng)友總結(jié)的記憶口訣：
動(dòng)詞原形接后面，說話語氣較委婉。
can 能力may許可，must責(zé)任或義務(wù)。
否定回答needn’t換，需要need, dare敢。
should應(yīng)該，would愿，have to被迫表客觀。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞雖然數(shù)量有限，但用法廣泛。清楚所有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的表示意義，對(duì)英語遣詞造句具有非常重要的作用。
初中英語語法總結(jié)10
感嘆句是表示驚異和喜、怒、哀、樂等強(qiáng)烈感情的句子。感嘆句通常由what和how開頭，句末用感嘆號(hào)，讀時(shí)用降調(diào)。How修飾形容詞、副詞或句子;What修飾名詞。
what引起的感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)
What+(a/an)+形容詞+名詞+主語+謂語!如
What a clever boy he is!(他是個(gè))多么聰明的男孩啊!
What an interesting story it is!(這是個(gè))多么有趣的故事啊!
What fine weather it is!多好的天氣啊!
What beautiful flowers they are!(它們是)多么漂亮的花啊!
注意
在感嘆句中，What a/an 常用來修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，若其前面的形容詞為元音開頭，則用an。what
用來修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。但有些不可數(shù)名詞，如 rain，surprise，breakfast，lunch
等，當(dāng)前面有形容詞修飾，使抽象名詞具體化時(shí)，則要用 what a/an，如
What a heavy rain it is!多大的一場(chǎng)雨啊!
What a great surprise it is!這多么令人驚奇啊!
What a rich breakfast it is!多么豐盛的一頓早餐啊!
How引起的感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)
How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!如
How well you look!你氣色真好!
How kind you are!你心腸真好!
How beautifully you sing!你唱得真好聽!
Strawberries!How nice!草莓!多好呀!
How clever the boy is!這個(gè)男孩多么聰明啊!
How fast he runs!他跑得多么快啊!
注意
how還可以修飾動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成感嘆句，但動(dòng)詞不提前。如
How I want to be a doctor!我多么想成為一名醫(yī)生啊!
How she dances!她跳得多好啊!
How I missed you.我多么想念你啊。
How you've grown!你都長(zhǎng)這么大啦!
How you've changed!你的.變化真大!
How he wished for a drink!他多希望能有點(diǎn)東西喝!
How things get around!Everyone must know you are in
town.消息傳得多快!人們一定都知道你到城里來了。
what感嘆句與how感嘆句的轉(zhuǎn)換
what感嘆句和how感嘆句有時(shí)候可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。如
How interesting the book is!
=What an interesting book it is!這本書多有趣啊!
沒有感嘆詞的感嘆句
感嘆句除用what和how引出外，還可有其他許多形式，如可用陳述句、疑問句、祈使句等表達(dá)感嘆語氣，有時(shí)甚至一個(gè)單詞或一個(gè)短語也可用作感嘆句。如
Stop talking!不要講話了!
Isn't it a lovely day!天氣真好!
The garden looks so lovely today!這花園今天真美!
Fire!失火了!
Very good!很好!
【中考速遞】
[上海中考考題] _____ wonderful speech Emma gave at the UN conference!
A.How B.What C.What a D.What an
[廣東中考考題]Tommy，_____ play basketball in the street next time.You may get
hit by a car.
A.do B.don't C.must D.mustn't
[山東濟(jì)南中考考題] — _____ dressed now!We have to go in ten minutes.
— OK，Mom.
A.Getting B.Get C.To get D.dots
[陜西中考考題] — Volunteers from Lantian Saving Team have saved many travellers
in the mountains.
— _____ they are!
A.How great a man B.How great men
C.What a great man D.What great men
[吉林長(zhǎng)春中考考題] _____ great news it is!We'll have a school trip next week.
A.What a B.What C.How a D.How
[云南昆明中考考題] — Have you watched the boat races this Dragon Boat
Festival?
— Yes._____ wonderful races!
A.What an B.What a C.What D.How
【答案點(diǎn)撥】
答案C 句意Emma在聯(lián)合國會(huì)議上做了一場(chǎng)非常精彩的演講。由句意可知考查感嘆句;由中心詞speech可知用what
a引起感嘆句，故選C。
答案B 考查祈使句。句意湯米，下次不要在街上踢足球了。汽車可能會(huì)撞著你。由句意可知這里考查祈使句的否定式，故選B。
答案B 句意“現(xiàn)在就穿衣服!十分鐘之內(nèi)我們必須走�！薄昂玫�，媽媽�！庇删湟饪芍@是一個(gè)祈使句，動(dòng)詞要用原形。故選B。
答案D
句意“藍(lán)天救援隊(duì)的志愿者已在山中救出了許多游客�！薄八麄兪嵌嗝磦ゴ蟮娜税�!”由句意可知后句為感嘆句;由感嘆句中的they可知man用復(fù)數(shù)men，且用what引起感嘆句，故選D。
答案B 句意這是多么棒的消息呀!我們下周將有一個(gè)學(xué)校旅行。news是不可數(shù)名詞，用what引導(dǎo)感嘆句，故選B。
答案C 句意“在這次端午節(jié)你看過龍舟賽了嗎?”“是的。多么精彩的比賽啊!”由句末的復(fù)數(shù)名詞races可知用what引導(dǎo)感嘆句，故選C。
【語法專練 體驗(yàn)中考】
[山東濟(jì)南] — Making paper bottles?Wow，_____ great idea!
— Thank you.We may use less plastic in this way.
A.how B.what C.what an D.what a
[青海西寧] Do you want to be healthy?_____.Smiling can help you stay
healthy.
A.Smile B.Smiling C.To smile D.Smiled
[吉林長(zhǎng)春] _____ me an e-mail before you come to Hangzhou.I'll meet you at
the airport.
A.Sending B.To send C.Sends D.Send
[云南考題] _____ exciting boat race it was!Many people watched it.
A.What a B.What an C.How D.How a
[黑龍江齊齊哈爾] The girl got the only chance to study abroad._____ proud her
parents felt!
A.How B.What C.What a
[湖北黃石] _____ to smile at your life when you are in trouble，and you will
soon be happy again.
A.Try B.To try C.Trying D.Tried
[四川攀枝花] _____ your umbrella，or you'll catch a cold on such a rainy
day.
A.Take B.To take C.Taking D.Takes
[黑龍江綏化] _____ cold weather it is!
A.How a B.What a C.What
[湖南湘西] — _____ run in the hallways，Mike.
— Sorry.Ms.Clark.
A.Don't B.Please C.No
10.[山東泰安] As we all know，life is short but amazing._____ it!
A.Enjoy B.To enjoy C.Enjoying D.Enjoyed
1[重慶考題] — Jack，don't always copy what others do._____ your
head，please.
— Thanks for telling me.
A.Using B.Used C.Uses D.Use
1[湖南常德] We have to say goodbye._____ time flies!
A.What B.How C.What a
【答案速遞】
D A D B A A A C A 10.A 1D 1B
初中英語語法總結(jié)11
一.英語語法重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
1、 as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)：你和湯姆是一樣好的孩子。
You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.
2、 (1)too…to與 so…that sb. can’t…的句型轉(zhuǎn)換：前者為簡(jiǎn)單句，主語只有一個(gè)，而后者為復(fù)合句，主語有兩個(gè)，試比較：
The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.
(2) too…to…與 not enough to句型的轉(zhuǎn)換：
He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.
The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.
3、 形容詞原級(jí)表示比較級(jí)含義：
約翰不象邁克那么苯。
John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.
4、 用比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí)：約翰是班里最高的男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.
5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:
The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.
6、 more and more….表示“越來……越……”:
More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
二.中考考點(diǎn)—詞組
1. after, in 這兩個(gè)介詞都可以表示“……(時(shí)間)以后”的意思
after 以過去為起點(diǎn),表示過去一段時(shí)間之后,常用于過去時(shí)態(tài)的句子中?
如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的`
in 以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn),表將來一段時(shí)間以后,常用于將來時(shí)態(tài)的句子中
如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long指多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,主要用來對(duì)一段時(shí)間(如three days, four weeks 等)提問?如:How long ago was it?
這是多久前的事了?
how often指每隔多久,主要用來對(duì)頻率副詞或狀語(如once a week等)提問?如:—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久來一次?每月一次。
how soon指再過多久,主要用來對(duì)表示將來的一段時(shí)間(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提問?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能趕來?
初中英語語法總結(jié)12
代詞是代替名詞或起名詞作用的短語或句子的詞。英語中的代詞，按其意義、特征及其在句中的作用分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和關(guān)系代詞九類。
03-3反身代詞
反身代詞的概念與形式
表示“我自己，你自己，他(她、它)自己，我們自己，你們自己，他們自己”的代詞稱為反身代詞。第一、二人稱是在形容詞性物主代詞后加self或selves構(gòu)成，第三人稱是在人稱代詞賓格后加self或selves構(gòu)成。
反身代詞用法4注意
(1)反身代詞作動(dòng)詞賓語，經(jīng)常用在下列動(dòng)詞后構(gòu)成固定詞組。enjoy oneself玩得開心，過得愉快;teach oneself自學(xué);hurt
oneself傷著自己;introduce oneself to sb.向某人作自我介紹;dress
oneself給自己穿衣服。反身代詞還可以用在to，for，by，of，like等介詞后作介詞的'賓語。如
He is talking to himself.他在自言自語。
You must look after yourself and keep healthy.你必須照顧好自己，保持健康。
She taught herself English.她自學(xué)英語。
(2)反身代詞作主語或賓語的同位語，起強(qiáng)調(diào)主語或賓語的作用，譯為“本身、本人、親自”等。如
Did you make the cake yourself?這蛋糕是你親自做的嗎?(yourself作主語you的同位語)
He himself was a doctor.他本人是個(gè)醫(yī)生。(himself作主語he的同位語)
The work itself isn't difficult.那項(xiàng)工作本身并不難。(itself做主語work的同位語)
(3)反身代詞用在be，feel，look，seem等連系動(dòng)詞后作表語，表示身體或精神狀態(tài)處于正常。如I'm not myself
today.我今天感覺不舒服。
He is feeling himself again.他覺得自己健康如初。
(4)反身代詞還用于一些固定詞組或簡(jiǎn)短會(huì)話中。如
Help yourself to some meat.請(qǐng)隨便吃些肉吧。
Make yourself at home.別客氣。
注意
反身代詞在句子中要與句子的人稱和數(shù)保持一致，切不可隨意使用。如He didn't often go to look for food
himself.他自己不經(jīng)常去尋找食物。
【中考速遞】
[吉林中考考題] Last month，I went to the computer museum with my parents.We
enjoyed _____ and learned a lot.
A.us B.ourselves C.our
[四川達(dá)州中考考題] — Would you please come to play soccer with me?
— Sorry!My 5-year-old brother can't look after _____.
A.him B.himself C.his D.he
[四川成都中考考題] It's true that we are not born for _____.
A.us B.ours C.ourselves
[四川成都中考考題] — Liu Mei can speak Japanese so well!Who taught her?
— Nobody.She taught _____.
A.her B.hers C.herself
【答案點(diǎn)撥】
答案B句意“上個(gè)月，我和父母一起去了計(jì)算機(jī)博物館，我們玩得很開心還學(xué)到了許多。”enjoy
oneself意為“玩得開心;過得愉快”，故選B。
答案B句意“你能來和我一起踢足球嗎?”“很抱歉!我五歲的弟弟不能照顧自己。”主語My 5-year-old
brother與介詞after后的賓語為同一人，用反身代詞himself表示“他自己”。故選B。
答案C句意我們不是為自己而生，這是真的。強(qiáng)調(diào)某人自己，用反身代詞。故選C。
答案C句意“劉梅日語說得這么好，誰教的她啊?”“沒人，她自學(xué)的�！眛each oneself是固定短語，意為“自學(xué)”，故選C。
初中英語語法總結(jié)13
不定式的基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu)
動(dòng)詞不定式指通常由to加上動(dòng)詞原形(如to write)所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動(dòng)詞形式，但在有些情況下to可以省略。
動(dòng)詞不定式有進(jìn)行體和完成體(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被動(dòng)態(tài)(如to be written)，所有的主動(dòng)詞，不論是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，也不論是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞還是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，都有不定式形式。助動(dòng)詞除be和have外，沒有不定式形式。動(dòng)詞不定式在語法功能上可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語。
不定式的用法
1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語
Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.
在上述情況下，如果不定式較長(zhǎng)，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞讓作形式主語(形式主語it不可由that或this等其他代詞代替)，而將不定式放到后面。如It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time.
不定式結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的'動(dòng)作是誰做的，即不定式的邏輯主語，通�？梢酝ㄟ^for sb.to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review.It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.
在某些形容詞(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind，naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表語時(shí)，不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.
2)不定式作賓語
不定式作賓語有兩種一種是及物動(dòng)詞后直接跟帶to的不定式，另一種是“及物動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式。
及物動(dòng)詞+帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：只能跟動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞，常見的有：afford，agree，aim，appear，ask，believe，care，claim，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，happen，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，prepare，refuse，seek，swear，undertake，want，wish等。
He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.
動(dòng)詞+疑問代(副)詞+不定式這類動(dòng)詞常見的有advise，decide，find out，forget，inquire，know，learn，see，regard初中英語語法總結(jié)，remember，teach，tell，understand，wonder等。
常見的疑問代(副)詞有：what，when，where，which，how，whether等。
He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.
I will show you how to deal with it.
有時(shí)，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)動(dòng)詞(如find，think，consider，feel等)+it+形容詞+不定式。She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.
初中英語語法總結(jié)14
11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
1） 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開家。
2） 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國東部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái) ?/p>
注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。
4） 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
安英語寫得不錯(cuò)，講的可不行。
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
11.2 一般過去時(shí)的用法
1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了？
2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a
warm welcome.
那時(shí)，布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時(shí)間了" "該……了"。例如：It is
time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該……了" ，例如It is time you
went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you
came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等，而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在
。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
�。êx：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
�。êx：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）
注意： 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。
1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎？
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。
2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："過去常常"表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老媽過去沒那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫過去常常散步。
be used to + doing：對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，但從語意上看出，在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。
11.4 一般將來時(shí)
1） shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先讀哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎？
2） be going to +不定式，表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next
month。這出戲下月開播。
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a
storm. 看那烏云，快要下雨了。
3） be +不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。
4） be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。
11.5 be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí)，be going to表將來,will表意愿。例如：
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客觀安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我想去踢球。（主觀安排）
11.7 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來
1）下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時(shí)候開？十分鐘后。
2）以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比爾來后，讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就寫信給你。
4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。
11.8 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來
下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎？
11.9 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have（has） +過去分詞。
11.10 比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1）一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2）一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。
一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just
now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。
共同的時(shí)間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了）
I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的`動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）
He has been in the League for three years. （在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）
He has been a League member for three years. （是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)）
句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。
（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
�。▽�(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
典型例題
（1） ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。
�。�2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。
注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。
（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.
�。▽�(duì)）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。
注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。）
注意：用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法，很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。
1）（對(duì)） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（錯(cuò)） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四種用法
1） since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past
six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在這兒。
2） since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒，已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。
3） since +從句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，變化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走后，變化可大了。
4） It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。
11.14 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞
1） 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 （表結(jié)果）
I've known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。（表經(jīng)歷）
2） 用于till / until從句的差異
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several
times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
11.15 過去完成時(shí)
1） 概念：表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。 那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?/p>
c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。
3） 過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon
as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了，因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D.
"把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過去的動(dòng)作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于……"這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
注意： had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車，轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。
11.16 用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)
1） 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。
2 ） 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過去完成時(shí)。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過去時(shí)。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 將來完成時(shí)
1） 構(gòu)成will have done
2） 概念
a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。
b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時(shí)，你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了。
11.18 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：
a. 表示現(xiàn)在（指說話人說話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。
b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說。（說話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。）
c. 表示漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
典型例題
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒有找到，學(xué)英語的好網(wǎng)站，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。
11.19 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞
1）表示事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include,
contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的。
2）表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的幫助。
He loves her very much. 他愛她很深。
3）瞬間動(dòng)詞，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：
I accept your advice. 我接受你的勸告。
4）系動(dòng)詞，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有點(diǎn)累。
11.20 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1）概念：表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。
2）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。
3） 常用的時(shí)間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時(shí)摔了下來，受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時(shí)，正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達(dá)山頂時(shí)，陽光燦爛。
典型例題
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C.
割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，學(xué)英語的好網(wǎng)站，應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。同時(shí)，when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性，"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當(dāng)……之時(shí)"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過去進(jìn)行；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 "在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell（fall的過去時(shí)），是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。
英語語法經(jīng)典例題800例：非謂語動(dòng)詞（例題1）
【導(dǎo)語】英語語法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語語法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college.
A. enter B. to enter
C. entering D. entered
【陷阱】容易誤選A。有的同學(xué)一看到空格前的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could 就斷定此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞原形 enter。
【分析】其實(shí)正確答案應(yīng)是B。此句為省略句，即在 could 后省略了動(dòng)詞 do，若把句子補(bǔ)完整應(yīng)為Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短語(to enter a good college)是用作目的狀語的，而不是與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(could)一起構(gòu)成謂語。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏搭愃评洌?/p>
(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他們盡量安慰她。
(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他們盡一切力量拯救她的性命。
(3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命學(xué)習(xí)以便趕上他的同學(xué)。
值得指出的是，這也并不是說今后只要遇到類似結(jié)構(gòu)的題就一定選帶to不定式。請(qǐng)看以下試題：
(4) He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hope
C. hoping D. hoped
此題的答案是 C不是A，其中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴隨狀語。
(5) He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise
C. practising D. practised
此題答案選 C，這與前面動(dòng)詞 spent 的搭配有關(guān)，即 spend … (in) doing sth。若將此句補(bǔ)充完整，即為 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.
(6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could ____D____ his oral English.
A. improve B. to improve
C. improving D. to improving
此題答案選D，注意兩點(diǎn)：一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配，意為“把……貢獻(xiàn)給……”;二是其中的 to 是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞。
2. He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work.
A. doing B. to do
C. being doing D. to be done
【陷阱】容易誤選B，根據(jù) can’t help doing sth 這一結(jié)構(gòu)推出。
【分析】其實(shí)答案應(yīng)選A。比較以下結(jié)構(gòu)：
can’t help to do sth = 不能幫助做某事
can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事
又如下面一題，答案也是 B：
She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A cleaning B. to clean
C. cleaned D. being cleaned
再請(qǐng)看以下試題：
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading
C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
此題應(yīng)選C，句中的 can’t help 意為“禁不住”(注意根據(jù)句意用被動(dòng)形式)。
3. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for films.
A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing
C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題最佳答案為B�，F(xiàn)分析如下：
(1) devote 意為“致力于，獻(xiàn)身于”，主要用 devote…to…或be devoted to，其中的to 是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，故后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞，不用不定式。
(2) 選A錯(cuò)誤：若將 do 改為 doing 則可以。
(3) 選B正確：all her time devoted to doing experiments為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，用作狀語。
(4) 選C錯(cuò)誤：因?yàn)閍ll her time 與 devote 為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)將devoting改為devoted。
(5) 選D錯(cuò)誤：若單獨(dú)看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并沒有錯(cuò)，但問題是逗號(hào)前后兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句沒有必要的連接方式，所以從整體上看仍不對(duì)，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，則可選D，或?qū)將中的is 改為 being也可選它。
英語語法經(jīng)典例題800例：虛擬語氣（例題）
【導(dǎo)語】英語語法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語語法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
1. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show B. would show
C. am going to show D. am showing
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】正確答案選B。根據(jù)上文的語境可知句中的 or 隱含有一個(gè)虛擬的條件，即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article(要是我沒忘記我在哪兒讀過這篇文章的話——但事實(shí)上忘了)。
2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _____.”
A. He’d better give up drinking
B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選，主要是受句中 drunk 一詞的影響。
【分析】最佳答案為D。關(guān)鍵信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虛擬語氣，句子既然用了虛擬語氣，也就是說，“他喝醉了”不是事實(shí)，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此題的最佳答案是D。
3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
A. do B. are
C. will D. would
【陷阱】容易誤選A或C。選A者，認(rèn)為前后兩句的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)應(yīng)一致;選C者，認(rèn)為其后帶有if 條件狀語從句，從語氣上看，主句應(yīng)用將來時(shí)態(tài)。
【分析】此題最佳答案為D。分析如下：
(1) “so + 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語”是一個(gè)很有用的結(jié)構(gòu)，它表示“……也一樣”時(shí)。如：
He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜歡看電視，我也一樣。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 當(dāng)動(dòng)植物消失的時(shí)候，人類也會(huì)隨之消失。
(2) 由于空格后的 if 條件狀語從句的謂語用的是虛擬語氣(這是很重要的信息)，所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案應(yīng)選D。
英語語法經(jīng)典例題800例：強(qiáng)調(diào)句（例題）
【導(dǎo)語】英語語法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語語法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
1. ____ that caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
A. It was we being late B. It was our being late
C. It was we were too late D. It was because we were late
【陷阱】此題容易誤選D，認(rèn)為強(qiáng)調(diào)的是原因狀語從句 because we were late。
【分析】但實(shí)際上，此題的答案為B，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是句子主語 our being late，此題若還原成非強(qiáng)調(diào)句，即為：
Our being late caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
注意，強(qiáng)調(diào)句的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)是，若去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu) it is [was]… that…，句子仍然成立;換句話說，該結(jié)構(gòu)中的 that 不能充當(dāng)句子成分。
2. “How was ______ they discovered the entrance to the underground palace?” “Totally by chance.”
A. it that B. he that
C. it when D. he which
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均可能誤選。
【分析】答案選A，為強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句形式，其相應(yīng)的陳述句形式為：
It was totally by chance that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace.
比較以下各題，它們也屬強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句形式：
(1) Who was it _____ saved the drowning girl?
A. since B. as C. that D. he
答案選C，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 who，該句實(shí)為類似 It was Tom that saved the drowning girl. 這類強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句形式(即對(duì)其中的Tom 提問而得)。
(2) What is it _____ his daughter needs most?
A. what B. which C. that D. if
答案選C，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 what，該句實(shí)為類似 It is a bike that his daughter needs most. 這類強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句形式(即對(duì)其中的a bike 提問而得)。
3. _____ was very ______ that little Jim wrote the letter.
A. It, careful B. It, carefully
C. He, careful D. He, carefully
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選，但最有可能誤選的可能是A，認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)普通的系表結(jié)構(gòu)，即認(rèn)為第二空要填形容詞作表語。
【分析】其實(shí)，此題是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，其非強(qiáng)調(diào)形式為 Little Jim wrote the letter very carefully. 若用 it is … that… 的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式強(qiáng)調(diào)其中的狀語 very carefully 即為上面一題的題干，所以答案應(yīng)選B。請(qǐng)看下面幾例，也屬強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)：
(1) It was when she was about to go to bed ______ the telephone rang.
A. since B. as C. that D. then
答案選C，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 when she was about to go to bed 這一時(shí)間狀語從句。
(2) It may have been at Christmas _____ John gave Mary a handbag.
A. before B. who C. that D. when
答案選C，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 at Christmas，其中的動(dòng)詞 be 采用了 may have been 這一較為復(fù)雜的形式。
4. “Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday?” “It was in the hall ______ the students
often have a meeting.”
A. where B. which
C. that D. when
【陷阱】很可能誤選C，認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語 in the hall。
【分析】假若選C，即有 It was in the hall that the students often have a meeting，該句的意思是“學(xué)生們通常是在
大廳開會(huì)”，單獨(dú)看這一句，無論是其意思還是其語法均未錯(cuò)，但若將其與上文聯(lián)系起來看，則不通，因?yàn)樯衔牡囊馑际恰澳闶窃?/p>
哪兒找到昨天作報(bào)告的那位教授的?”假若將答句改為 It was in the hall that I found the professor，則完全可以。
其實(shí)，此題的最佳答案是A，where the students often have a meeting 為定語從句，用以修飾其前的名詞 the hall，句意
為“是在學(xué)生們經(jīng)常開會(huì)的那個(gè)大廳(找到教授的)”，這樣語意就通順了。
5. It was what he meant rather than what he said ______ annoyed me.
A. which B. as
C. what D. that
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題為一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，空格處應(yīng)填 that (即選D)，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 what he meant rather than what he said。句意
為“讓我生氣的不是他說的話，而是他話中的意思”。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏磧衫?/p>
(1) It was his nervousness in the interview ______ probably lost him the job.
A. which B. since C. that D. what
答案選C，為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 his nervousness in the interview，句意為“很可能是面試時(shí)表現(xiàn)出緊張，使他失去
了這份工作”。
(2) It is the ability to do the job ______ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
答案選B，為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 the ability to do the job，句意為“重要的是你做工作的能力，而不是你來自何地
或你是從事什么工作的”。
英語語法大全經(jīng)典例題800例：名詞性從句（例題）
【導(dǎo)語】英語語法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語語法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
◆典型陷阱題分析◆
1. She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood _______ he said meant.
A. that B. what
C. that that D. what what
【陷阱】可能誤選B。許多同學(xué)一看選項(xiàng)首先就排除了C和D，認(rèn)為這樣兩個(gè)“引導(dǎo)詞”疊用的情況不太可能。在A和B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選項(xiàng)A肯定不行，因?yàn)樗龑?dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)不能充當(dāng)句子成分，所以便選擇了B。
【分析】正確答案選 D。第一個(gè)what 用作動(dòng)詞 meant 的賓語，第二個(gè)what 用作動(dòng)詞 said 的賓語，即在 none of us understood what what he said meant 中，none of us understood 為主句，what what he said meant 為賓語從句，而在此賓語從句中又包括有 what he said 這樣一個(gè)主語從句。
2. After _______ had happened he could not continue to work there.
A. which B. how
C. what D. having
【陷阱】可能誤選A。
【分析】最佳答案選 C。有的同學(xué)誤選A，是因?yàn)檎J(rèn)為介詞后應(yīng)接關(guān)系代詞 which，但實(shí)際上，若填關(guān)系代詞，其前沒有先行詞，這根據(jù)不是一個(gè)定語從句。另外，由于 had happened 缺主語，所以B和D也不能選。請(qǐng)?jiān)僮鱿旅嬉活}(答案選B)：
He pointed to ______ looked like a tomb and said, “Ghost.”
A. that B. what
C. which D. as
3.“Is ______ you want to say?” asked the teacher.
A. this B. that
C. all that D. that all
【陷阱】根據(jù)中文字面意思誤選A或B。
【分析】最佳答案選 D。假若選A或B，那么轉(zhuǎn)換成陳述句即為：This is you want to say. / That is you want to say. 顯然句中的兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞 is與want相沖突。選D組成的句子是 Is that all you want to say? 其中的that 為句子主語，all 為表語，you want to say 為定語從句，用以修飾all。
4. “When ______ leave for Japan?” “When ______ leave for Japan is kept secret.”
A. they will, will they B. will they, they will
C. they will, they will D. will they, will they
【陷阱】可能誤選D，認(rèn)為 when 后應(yīng)用疑問句詞序。
【分析】最佳答案選 B。第一個(gè)when引出的是一個(gè)特殊疑問句，故用疑問詞序;第二個(gè) when 引出的是主語從句，故其后用陳述句詞序。請(qǐng)做以下試題(答案選C)：
(1) None knows if _______ that boy, but if _______ him, her parents will be disappointed.
A. she will marry, she will marry B. she marries, she marries
C. she will marry, she marries D. she marries, she will marry
(2) “Where _______ go to work?” “Where _______ go to work is not known.”
A. we shall, we shall B. shall we, shall we
C. shall we, we shall D. we shall, shall we
5. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ______.
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題最佳答案為D。首先可以排除A和C，因?yàn)榭崭裉帉?shí)為一個(gè)賓語從句，所以不能用疑問句詞序。另一方面，但按英語習(xí)慣，當(dāng)用于指代身份不明的人時(shí)，要用代詞it，而不用 he 或she等。比較以下兩句：
Mr Smith is at the door. He wants to see you. 史密斯先生在門口，他想見你。
Someone is at the door. It may be the postman. 有個(gè)人在門口，可能是郵遞員。
第一句因前面指明了是 Mr Smith，所以后面用代詞 he;而第二句因前面用的是不定代詞 someone，說明此人身份尚不明確，故其后用了代詞 it 來指代。
6. Don’t you know, my dear friend, ______ it is your money not you that she loves?
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
【陷阱】此題容易誤選 A或B：選 A 的同學(xué)認(rèn)為這是指人的，故用who;選B的同學(xué)認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語從句，兩者都是誤認(rèn)為這是定語從句(注意沒有先行詞)。
【分析】其實(shí)答案應(yīng)選C。that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語從句，用作動(dòng)詞 know 的賓語，它只是被句中的插入語 my dear friend 隔開罷了。請(qǐng)做以下試題(答案均為C)：
(1) Everyone knows, perhaps except you, _______ your girl-friend is a cheat.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(2) I think, though I could be mistaken, ______ she liked me.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(3) He told me the news, believe it or not, ______ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.
A. that B. which
C. as D. because
前面兩題 that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句，后面一題 that同位語從句(修飾the news)。
英語語法大全：特殊同位語歸納
英語語法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，本章主要介紹英語語法中的句子成分，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語語法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
特殊同位語歸納
當(dāng)兩個(gè)詞或詞組在一個(gè)句子中具有相同的語法地位而且描述相同的人或事物時(shí)，我們稱它們?yōu)橥徽Z�；拘问降耐徽Z大家一般不會(huì)出錯(cuò)，但有幾種同位語，或由于本身結(jié)構(gòu)特殊，或由于它修飾的成分結(jié)構(gòu)比較特殊，往往會(huì)引起誤解�，F(xiàn)小結(jié)并舉例說明如下，希望引起同學(xué)們的注意。
1. 代詞we, us, you等后接同位語
Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書嗎?
They three joined the school team. 他們3人參加了校隊(duì)。
She has great concern for us students. 她對(duì)我們學(xué)生很關(guān)心。
He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你們男孩子安靜些。
We girls often go to the movies together. 我們女孩子經(jīng)常一起去看電影。
2. 不定式用作同位語
Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下達(dá)了發(fā)起總攻的命令。(to start the general attack與the order同位)
He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一條街走，我在那里接他上了車。(to walk along…與the instruction同位)
3. -ing分詞用作同位語
He's getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一個(gè)開卡車的差事。(driving a track與a job同位)
She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一個(gè)熨衣服的職位。(ironing shirts與a place同位)
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一個(gè)計(jì)劃是夜襲，被拒絕了。(attacking at night與the first plan同位)
4. 形容詞用作同位語
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易會(huì)，是有史以來規(guī)模最大的，正在廣州舉行。
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他讀了很多書，古今中外都有。
People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都來到街頭觀看游行。
【注】這類同位語與定語比較接近，可轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句。如：
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
5. none of us之類的結(jié)構(gòu)用作同位語
We none of us said anything. 我們誰也沒說話。
We have none of us large appetites. 我們誰飯量都不大。
They neither of them wanted to go. 他們兩人都不想去。
They've neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence. 他們兩人誰也沒能贏得她的信任。
【注】同位語并不影響其后句子謂語的“數(shù)”，如：
學(xué)生每人都有一本詞典。
正：The students each have a dictionary.
誤：The students each has a dictionary.
請(qǐng)比較下面一句(謂語用了單數(shù)，因?yàn)閑ach為句子主語)：
正：Each of the students has a dictionary.
6. 從句用作同位語(即同位語從句)
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。
I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息說她可能晚到。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不實(shí)。
The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不動(dòng)腦筋做此工作的想法是錯(cuò)誤的。
初中英語語法總結(jié)15
構(gòu)詞法：英語構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：(1)派生名詞：①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù))
名詞：
1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：
1、專有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
2、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。一盒牛奶：
3、名詞所有格：
1、 名詞所有格如：Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),
(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關(guān)系。如：
2、[注解]：
�、� ‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)
�、� 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
�、� “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)和謂語之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題：
1、謂語和謂語基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即：主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時(shí),
�、� 如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有張中國地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting. (這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)
7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),謂語則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語時(shí),謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)
10、主語中含有with的短語時(shí),謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語時(shí),謂語采用就近原則。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)
13、主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時(shí),謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What’s the population of China?(中國人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng);match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別：festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng);holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期;vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的.區(qū)別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問題：指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
代詞：
1、代詞的分類：英語中代詞分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
2、人稱代詞：人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。
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