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動(dòng)名詞的用法解析及四級(jí)真題實(shí)例分析
在英語學(xué)習(xí)中,語法一直被視為構(gòu)建語言基石的關(guān)鍵元素之一。英語四級(jí)考試更是要求考生們?cè)谡Z法運(yùn)用上展現(xiàn)出熟練和準(zhǔn)確的能力。歡迎參考。
動(dòng)名詞在句中起名詞的作用,可以充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語(動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞賓語)。它可以有自己的定語、賓語或狀語。
1)動(dòng)名詞作主語
Seeing is believing. Talking mends no holes.Taking a cold shower every morning does him a lot good.____in an atmosphere of simply living was what her parents wished for. (CET-4 1999,1)
A) The girl to be educated
B) The girl educated
C) The girls being educated
D) The girl was educated
動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以做主語。不定式做主語表示具體的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)名詞做主語則可以表示抽象或一般性的動(dòng)作或情況。根據(jù)句意,這個(gè)女孩在樸素的生活環(huán)境中接受教育是她的父母所希望的,接受教育不是具體的一次性動(dòng)作,因此用動(dòng)名詞,答案為C。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞做主語時(shí),我們常用先行詞it作形式主語,而把真正的主語動(dòng)名詞放到句尾,特別要注意如下結(jié)構(gòu):It is useless (no use, no good, no harm) doing... It is a waste of time doing... It is worthwhile doing...
【例如】
It is no use crying over spilt milk.It is a waste of time discussing such matters with him.It is no good leaving todays work for tomorrow.
2)動(dòng)名詞作動(dòng)詞賓語
動(dòng)名詞作動(dòng)詞賓語是大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試的重要內(nèi)容。
a)英語中有些動(dòng)詞后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞作它的賓語 。這類動(dòng)詞常見的有:admit, advice, anticipate, appreciate, avoid,consider, delay,deny,dislike, enjoy,escape,excuse, fancy,favor, finish,imagine,include , keep, mind,miss, postpone, practise,prevent , propose, resist, risk, suggest等。
【例如】
Mike often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.The doctor suggested that I avoid smoking and drinking for a month.Would you mind opening the window?The murderer denied killing the rich man.I would appreciate ____it a secret. (CET-4 1995,6)
A) your keeping B) you to keep
C) that you keep D) that you will keep
appreciate后面一般加動(dòng)名詞做賓語,動(dòng)名詞可以有自己的邏輯主語,因此答案為A。
That young guy still denies____the fire behind the store. (CET-4 2000,12)
A) to start B)shavingsstarted
C) start D) to have started
Deny后面加動(dòng)名詞作賓語,而且引發(fā)火災(zāi)是在否認(rèn)這一動(dòng)做之前,所以用動(dòng)名詞的完成式,答案為B。
b)動(dòng)名詞在demand, deserve, need, require, want等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語時(shí),表示被動(dòng)的意
1. 動(dòng)名詞概說
動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì),又具有名詞的性質(zhì),因此叫動(dòng)名詞。
、 動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)表現(xiàn)在,它可以和賓語或狀語組成動(dòng)名詞短語
如:
My job is arranging the agenda for my boss.
我的工作是為老板安排日程。
I finished the project in a month by working overtime.
我靠加班在一個(gè)月內(nèi)做完了這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。
、 動(dòng)名詞的名詞性質(zhì)表現(xiàn)在,它可以在句巾用作主語、賓語等
如:
Studying abroad can be a good experience.
留學(xué)是一種很好的經(jīng)歷。(作主語)
I regret telling her the truth.
我后悔告訴她事實(shí)真相了。(作賓語)
2. 動(dòng)名詞的形式和特征
動(dòng)名詞由“動(dòng)詞原形do+ - ing”構(gòu)成。
動(dòng)名詞有以下時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)的變化:
、 動(dòng)名詞的一般式
1)一般式所表示的動(dòng)作和謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作(或狀態(tài)),也可能在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。
I enjoy skiing in nature.
我享受在大自然中滑雪。(enjoy與skiing同時(shí)發(fā)生)
He insisted on going with us.
他堅(jiān)持跟我們一起去。(going發(fā)生在insisted on之后)
2)有的動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前,如:
We dont remember reading the article before.
我們不記得以前看過這篇文章了。(reading發(fā)生在remember之前)
They will never forget running into the super model in the mall.
他們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記在商場里偶遇那位超模。(running into發(fā)生在forget之前)
、 動(dòng)名詞的完成式
動(dòng)名詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
如:
I remembered having met him before.
我記得之前見過他。
She denied having skipped class.
她否認(rèn)逃課。
、 動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式
動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式也有一般式與完成式兩種。
Being abandoned by the owner happens to pets a lot.
有很多寵物被主人拋棄。(一般式)
Jeremy came to the party without being invited.
杰里米未被邀請(qǐng)就來參加了派對(duì)。(一般式)
Helen forgot having been taken to the zoo when she was three years old.
海倫忘記自己3歲時(shí)曾被帶去動(dòng)物園玩。(完成式)
The door showed no sign of having been fixed.
那扇門沒有任何被修過的跡象。(完成式)
、 動(dòng)名詞的否定式
動(dòng)名詞的否定式由“not+動(dòng)名詞”構(gòu)成。
You will regret not following my advice.
你會(huì)后悔沒聽我的勸告。
I am sorry for not calling you back.
很抱歉沒有回電話給你。
、 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由“物主代詞或名詞所有格+動(dòng)名同”構(gòu)成。
在動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,物主代詞或名詞所有格是動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)多用作主語或賓語,也可用作表語或介詞賓語。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語作賓語,放在動(dòng)詞或介詞后時(shí),名詞所有格或物主代詞分別可用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格代替。
如:
She suggested us forgiving him.
她建議我們?cè)徦?作賓語)
His not knowing English brought him a lot of inconvenience.
他不懂英語,這給他帶來許多麻煩。(作主語)
Our only worry is George’s overestimating himself.
我們唯一擔(dān)心的就是喬治高估了他自己。(作表語)
I strongly object to your delivering the speech.
我強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)你發(fā)表講話。(作介詞賓語)
3. 動(dòng)名詞的用法
、 動(dòng)名詞作主語
Retelling stories is very useful.
復(fù)述故事是很有用的。
Her resigning surprises us.
她的辭職讓我們很驚訝。
在一些句子中,常用 it 作形式主語,將動(dòng)名詞放在句子后面。此類句型有:
1) It is + no use,no good,no fun/a great pleasure/a waste of time等名詞+doing sth
It is no good crying.哭沒有好處。
It is no use fixing.修也沒有用。
It is great fun traveling.旅行很有趣。
It is a waste of time playing computer games.玩電腦游戲是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
2) It is + useless,nice,good,interesting,expensive等形容詞+doing sth
It is useless crying.哭沒有用。
It is nice meeting you again.真高興再次見到你。
It is interesting sailing with you.和你一起航海真有趣。
、 動(dòng)名詞作表語
Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見。
My idea is making a plan first.我的想法是先做一個(gè)計(jì)劃出來。
動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同,但是兩者所屬結(jié)構(gòu)完全不一樣,不能混淆。
試比較:
His job was calling the clients.
他的工作是給客戶打電話。(calling是動(dòng)名詞,用作表語)
He is calling the clients.
他正在給客人打電話。(calling是現(xiàn)在分詞,與was構(gòu)成過去進(jìn)行時(shí)作謂語)
③ 動(dòng)名詞作賓語
動(dòng)名詞既可作動(dòng)詞賓語也可作介詞賓語。
如:
I havent finished reading todays newspaper.
我還沒讀完今天的報(bào)紙。(動(dòng)名詞reading作動(dòng)詞finish的賓語)
Im afraid of going to the dentist.
我害怕去看牙醫(yī)。(動(dòng)名詞going作介詞of的賓語)
、軇(dòng)名詞作定語
Tiffany received an offer of her dreaming university.
蒂凡尼收到了她夢想中的大學(xué)的錄取通知書。
I would like to choose a house with a swimming pool.
我想選個(gè)帶游泳池的房子。
4. 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的比較
① 動(dòng)名詞可以作介詞的賓語,還可被名詞所有格(或物主代詞)修飾;不定式通常不作介詞賓語,更不能被名詞所有格(或物主代詞)修飾。
She is afraid of going to the dentist.(√)
She is afraid of to go to the dentist.(×)
她害怕去看牙醫(yī)。
、 固定用法
1)某些動(dòng)詞后只能加動(dòng)名詞,常見的此類動(dòng)詞有:admit,avoid,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,finish,include,keep,miss,stop,suggest,give up 等,如:
I enjoy dancing.(√)
l enjoy to dance.(×)
我喜歡跳舞。
2)某些動(dòng)詞后只能加不定式,常見的此類動(dòng)詞有:agree,ask,claim,choose,decide,demand,determine,expect,fail,hope,manage,offer,promise,quit,refuse,resolve,wish 等,如:
l decide to quit smoking.(√)
l decide quitting smoking.(X)
我決定戒煙。
3)某些動(dòng)詞后面既可加動(dòng)名詞也可加不定式,常她的此類動(dòng)詞有:attempt,begin,continue,deserve,fear,forget,help,intend,learn,like,love,mean,need,prefer,regret,remember,start,try等,如:
She cannot help crying.她不禁哭了起來。
She cannot help to cook.她不能幫忙做飯。
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