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用實(shí)例講解考研英語(yǔ)摘要的寫作要點(diǎn)
本文談?wù)勗鯓訉懹⒄Z(yǔ)概要(Precis)。要寫好一篇文章的概要應(yīng)考生應(yīng)具備兩種基本能力。首先應(yīng)具備理解原文，掌握全文中心思想的能力；其次應(yīng)具有用簡(jiǎn)練的語(yǔ)言將原文的中心思想表達(dá)出來的能力。一般說來，概要的篇幅為原文的1/3至1/4，因此在寫概要時(shí)務(wù)必注意語(yǔ)言的概括和精練。概要寫作一般按下列步驟進(jìn)行：1.認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地閱讀原文兩遍，理解和掌握全文的內(nèi)容。
2.仔細(xì)地閱讀考題指令，明確了解考題要求，在原文上標(biāo)出重點(diǎn)，如議論文中的論點(diǎn) 、論據(jù)；記敘文中的發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局等。
3.再一次閱讀原文，并將所需要采用的要點(diǎn)列出。要點(diǎn)的記錄應(yīng)盡可能簡(jiǎn)潔明了。
4.根據(jù)記錄的要點(diǎn)寫出概要的初稿，并盡可能不參照原文，除非當(dāng)你需要核實(shí)某個(gè)要點(diǎn)。這將十分有益于用自己的語(yǔ)言組織內(nèi)容，而不是照抄原文中的某些詞句。完成初稿后應(yīng)數(shù)一數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)，但千萬不可在寫完每一句句子即數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)。這樣不僅浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間，而且會(huì)攪亂寫作的思路。
5.進(jìn)行一些必要的修改和調(diào)整后，謄清完稿，并在最后注明具體字?jǐn)?shù)。
應(yīng)考生在重讀謄清稿時(shí)，有兩點(diǎn)還應(yīng)牢記：首先，你寫出的概要內(nèi)容必須忠實(shí)于原文，或者說精確(accurate)。概要中所有的內(nèi)容和信息必須來源于原文，既不可篡改原文內(nèi)容也不能包括原文未涉及到的內(nèi)容。其次，概要讀起來應(yīng)是一完整連貫的段落。要取得這一完整連貫，就應(yīng)該使用一些連接詞(link－words)，如‘but’,‘a(chǎn)nd’,‘however’,‘a(chǎn)lso’等連接要點(diǎn)；同樣，也可使用諸如‘since’,‘though’,‘even if ’，‘when’,‘a(chǎn)fter’,‘before’等詞。請(qǐng)看下面一例子：
The sentry watched a hawk that hovered overhead,looking for some unsuspecting prey to pounce upon.Then he heard the distant,muffled roar of planes,then silence.For the past week he had been told to take note of everything that happened on the hill within his range of vision,and to report anything suspicious.The hill led to an experimental factory,where new and secret weapons were tested.There was a threat of war and the factory would be invaluable to the enemy.So the approaches to it were watched day in,and day out.
He shifted his position;he felt that he had been crouching in the heather since the beginning of the time,but only a couple of hours of the day’s duty had passed.Suddenly he saw something falling from the sky like snow,only it was not snow.[He put out his hand and caught bits of that were drifting near him.They were thin strips of metal to confuse delicate instruments,so that it would not be possible to detect the landing of enemy craf.Next he heard a long,low,continuous roar from the east and saw bundles descending from the sky which looked like umbrellas opening,but which be knew to be parachutes with men hanging from them.He wanted to go at once to give the alarm,but he had to be sure that the parachutes were not his own men out on an exercise.The men were on ground now.One of them pointed in the direction of secret factory and they all began marching toward it.He had no more doubts and set off at once down the hill.He crawled slowly,sometimes on his stomach,sometimes on his side ,weaving decided that he had ample cover and started to run.But he had erred,for bullets were soon whistling past him.He drooped flat on the ground.Nobody came to search for him,so he counted up to a hundred and then began crawling again.He moved tortuously and as silently as he could to his camp at the foot of the hill.]
Describe in not more than 80 words what the sentry saw and did from the moment when the strips of metal fell from the sky until he got back to his camp.Use your own words as far as possible.Do not include anything that is not in the passage.
1.Points(Saw and Did)
1)Put out hands;caught strip metal.
2)Saw bundles.
3)Waited.
4)Saw men on ground.
5)One pointed;all marched.
6)Went downhill.
7)Crawled—stomach,side—to stream.
8)Started running.
9)Dropped flat(why?—bullets).
10)Counted 100;crawled.
11)Silently to camp.
2.Rough Draft (Linking of Points) （寫得不好的摘要）
When the sentry held out his hand to catch what was falling out of the sky ,he found that it was strips of metal.The bundles began coming down.The sentry waited until men appeared on the ground.One of them pointed and the sentry saw them march towards the factory.Crawling on his stomach and on his side,the sentry moved downhill.He began running when he came to a stream,but dropped down when he was shot at .After counting up to a hundred to himself,he began crawling silently again downhill. (95 words)
3.Fair Copy (Corrected Draft) （寫锝比較的摘要）
After catching hold of metal strips falling out of the sky,the sentry saw bundles descending and,after a time,some men appeared on the ground.One of them pointed and they all began marching towards the factory.The sentry crawled downhill on his stomach and on his side.When he came to a stream,he began running but dropped down when the men shot at him.He counted up to a hundred,then silently started crawling again towards his camp. (80 words)
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