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西安新東方考研翻譯試題點(diǎn)評
在各領(lǐng)域中，我們最少不了的就是試題了，試題有助于被考核者了解自己的真實(shí)水平。那么一般好的試題都具備什么特點(diǎn)呢？以下是小編為大家收集的西安新東方考研翻譯試題點(diǎn)評，歡迎大家借鑒與參考，希望對大家有所幫助。
細(xì)中求穩(wěn)、穩(wěn)中求全、全中求精、精中求勝
2006年考研翻譯試題選擇了一篇近些年非常熱門的社會(huì)科學(xué)類文章，從總體來講和以往的出題思路、難點(diǎn)設(shè)置基本相同。從結(jié)構(gòu)上來分析，這次考查了五個(gè)定語從句、三個(gè)狀語從句、兩個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)和兩個(gè)被動(dòng)句型的翻譯。從詞匯考點(diǎn)分析，06年出題略難于05年，可以看出考研這種選拔型考試將更加重視學(xué)生語言基本功底的考核。然而考生在答卷時(shí)仍然存在著兩方面的問題：第一，考生對復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)仍然掌握不到位，對插入及倒裝的理解和翻譯還存在一定的困難；第二，對詞義的掌握不精確，對某些關(guān)鍵詞詞義理解仍有偏差。下面是今年考研翻譯部分原文：
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not American, who have become anti-intellectual.
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46)I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic（蘇格拉底） way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to this decision.
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals—the average scientist for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties—he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This deion even fits the majority eminent scholars. “Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, “is something else.”
我們逐一分析一下此次考試的五道試題：
46：I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems.
按照四步翻譯法的原則，該句的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)語有兩個(gè)：shall define ……as和has elected，由連詞who將該句切為前后兩個(gè)分句。第一個(gè)分句中考點(diǎn)為詞組define ……as（把……定義為……）；代詞him根據(jù)就近搜索原則應(yīng)指代What is an intellectual? 中的名詞“intellectual”，故第一個(gè)分句可譯為：我把知識(shí)分子定義為這樣的個(gè)體。
在第二個(gè)分句中，介詞短語as his primary duty and pleasure in life做狀語譯為：作為他生命中的主要職責(zé)與樂趣；定于從句的先行詞做本句主語，應(yīng)先補(bǔ)充出來譯為：這一個(gè)體選用蘇格拉底的方式思考道德問題。后半句的難點(diǎn)在于as引導(dǎo)的介詞短語做狀語，作了前置處理，形成倒裝形式，使得as his primary duty and pleasure in life將句子的謂語和賓語分開，給學(xué)生在考場上的理解和翻譯造成了一定的難度，正確的語序應(yīng)調(diào)整為：an individual has elected the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems as his primary duty and pleasure in life.
整句合并翻譯為：
我把知識(shí)分子定義為這樣的個(gè)體：他用蘇格拉底的方式思考道德問題，并以此作為其生命中的主要職責(zé)與樂趣。
47：His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to this decision.
本句考查了兩個(gè)定于從句套用的翻譯，劃完謂語后，句子可以分為三個(gè)分句：
His function is analogous to that of a judge
who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning
which led him to this decision
而這其中“analogous”算是個(gè)難詞。但是有上下文“to that (function) of a judge”這本身就顯示“his function”和“that of a judge”之間是某種類比關(guān)系，此處的“analogous”正是“類似”的意思，本段所討論的仍是名詞“intellectual”，所以，“His function”應(yīng)理解為“知識(shí)分子的作用”；此外，短語結(jié)構(gòu) of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible亦可作of revealing in a manner as obvious as possible，譯為：以盡可能淺顯的方式去揭示； “the course of reasoning”的含義為 “推理的過程”； which led him to his decision這個(gè)定語從句較短，可以置于先行詞前面翻譯。最后，我們按照兩個(gè)定語從句中的第一句砍開翻譯，第二句合并翻譯的原則譯為：法官必須接受以盡可能淺顯的方式揭示使其做出決定的推理過程的義務(wù)。由于“義務(wù)”的定語較長，我們也可將其從句子中獨(dú)立出來，即：法官必須接受這一義務(wù)，就是以盡可能淺顯的方式揭示使其做出決定的推理過程。
整句合并翻譯為：
知識(shí)分子的作用與法官的作用類似，后者必須接受這一義務(wù)，就是以盡可能淺顯的方式揭示使其做出決定的推理過程。
48： I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
縱觀全句，句子雖長，可是理解還是比較簡單的。主要是主句加上一個(gè)本身帶有讓步狀語從句的原因狀語從句。根據(jù)謂語部分全句可劃分為：
I have excluded him
Because he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems
while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems
在該句中him按照指代原則應(yīng)理解為“average scientist”（一般科學(xué)家），其后的兩個(gè)代詞he和his也是相同的指代關(guān)系，但作為句內(nèi)指代，我們可以直接譯為代詞“他”、“他的”即可；本句話的難點(diǎn)在于微觀層面的詞義把握：“exclude”與“include”相反，是“排除”的意思；“accomplishment”表示“成就”；“contribute to”意為“有利于”，“有助于”；“be charged with”應(yīng)該是考生最難理解的地方，它最普通的意思是控告，但這里詞組“be charged with the task of doing sth.”含義為“被委派做謀事的義務(wù)”或“有義務(wù)完成……的任務(wù)”，而“not…any but…”是固定搭配，表示only，理解為“僅僅”的含義�？梢姡佳蟹g是以一定的詞匯量為基礎(chǔ)的。第二分句可理解為：因?yàn)樗麅H僅承擔(dān)了這些問題的事實(shí)方面的研究任務(wù)；第三個(gè)分句是由while引導(dǎo)的在原因狀語從句中的讓步狀語從句，其含義為：雖然他的成就有助于解決道德問題。該句還考查了學(xué)生被動(dòng)句型的翻譯技巧，我們應(yīng)將被動(dòng)句轉(zhuǎn)主動(dòng)句型翻譯；“他承擔(dān)了……”，而不是：“他被委派去……”。
整句合并翻譯為：
我之所以把普通科學(xué)家排除在外，是因?yàn)殡m然他的成就有助于解決道德問題，但是他僅僅承擔(dān)了這些問題的事實(shí)方面的研究任務(wù)。
49：But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
本句考查了比較結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握，由一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)“not……any more than”表示兩者相同或類似，和一個(gè)非限制性定于從句將全句分割成三部分：
But his primary task is not to think about the moral code
考研句子翻譯解題技巧
Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.
第一步：劃結(jié)構(gòu)，抓住干。
拿到一個(gè)考研英語長難句應(yīng)該先切分結(jié)構(gòu)，從而抓出句子主干，這是翻譯句子的第一步。因?yàn)榫渥舆^長，對于大多數(shù)人而言都無法第一時(shí)間理清意思，所以要給句子分段，抓主要意思。這句話中兩個(gè)逗號(hào)間是插入的定語從句，主干為Washington overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.定語從句主干：who had begun to believe that all men were created equal，他開始相信人人生來平等。
第二步：分成分，組意思。
長難句主干劃分出之后，分句中還有一些成分比較長，需要進(jìn)一步區(qū)分成分，overcame the strong opposition of his relatives克服了親屬的強(qiáng)烈反對，to grant his slaves their freedom in his will，grant之后是雙賓語，賦予他的奴隸以自由。定語從句中出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)非常重要的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，根據(jù)語義關(guān)聯(lián)確定為時(shí)間狀語。during the Revolutionary War也是時(shí)間狀語。
第三步：調(diào)語序，理通順。
各個(gè)成分確定了之后再看是否需要語序調(diào)整，比如 to grant his slaves their freedom in his will雙賓語順譯可以，而after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War放在原來的位置就不可以了，漢語習(xí)慣是時(shí)間狀語前置，所以需要調(diào)整�！霸诮夥艖�(zhàn)爭中觀察到了黑人士兵的勇敢之后，華盛頓開始相信人人生而平等”。最后正對定語從句的位置也需要調(diào)整，因?yàn)閺木漭^長，所以采用拆分法。
全句的譯文如下：“在解放戰(zhàn)爭中觀察到了黑人士兵的勇敢之后，華盛頓開始相信人人生而平等，之后他便克服了親屬的強(qiáng)烈反對，在遺囑當(dāng)中賦予了他的奴隸以自由�！币嬲岣邔佳杏⒄Z長難句理解的水平，就需要有正確的翻譯方法指導(dǎo)，再加上平時(shí)勤加練習(xí)，才能真正提升翻譯能力。
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