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href="http://www.oriental01.com/usr/login.html" title="我要投稿">我要投稿</a></span> </div> <script type="text/javascript">s("content_top");</script> <div id="kz5jjfn0" class="content"> <div id="kz5jjfn0" class="excellent_articles_box"> <ul> <li id="kz5jjfn0" class="excellent_articles_title">相關(guān)推薦</li> </ul> </div> <p>關(guān)于高壓電容自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償?shù)奶接懻撐?/p><p><strong>　　摘要：</strong>本文就電容自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償中實(shí)際遇到的問題，結(jié)合工程實(shí)踐情況，對高壓電容自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償裝置有關(guān)技術(shù)問題進(jìn)行初步探討。</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img loading="lazy" src="https://p.9136.com/00/l/c2dbcec45_2.jpg" alt="關(guān)于高壓電容自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償?shù)奶接懻撐?/></p><p><strong>　　關(guān)鍵詞：</strong>感性負(fù)載自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償就地補(bǔ)償功率因數(shù) 電壓疊加補(bǔ)償精度步長</p><p><strong>　　一、概述</strong></p><p>　　在電力系統(tǒng)中，隨著變壓器和交流電動(dòng)機(jī)等電感性負(fù)載的廣泛使用，電力系統(tǒng)的供配電設(shè)備中經(jīng)常流動(dòng)著大量的感性無功電流。這些無功電流占用大量的供配電設(shè)備容量，同時(shí)增加了線路輸送電流，因而增加了饋電線路損耗，使電力設(shè)備得不到充分利用。作為解決問題的辦法之一，就是采用無功功率補(bǔ)償裝置，使無功功率就地得到補(bǔ)償，盡量減少或不占用供配電設(shè)備容量，提高設(shè)備的利用效率。最常見的辦法就是采用電容器組提供電容性電流對電感性電流給予補(bǔ)償，以提高功率因數(shù)。目前，在配電系統(tǒng)中，已經(jīng)普遍使用了低壓電容集中自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償裝置，根據(jù)需要,使低壓無功功率就地得到補(bǔ)償。而在高壓系統(tǒng)中，目前使用比較多的補(bǔ)償還是傳統(tǒng)的固定式電容補(bǔ)償裝置，集中的自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償裝置使用還很不普遍。由于傳統(tǒng)的補(bǔ)償方式存在安全性能差、補(bǔ)償精度低和勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大等問題，大家都希望有一種更加安全可靠、補(bǔ)償精度更高、自動(dòng)化水平更高的補(bǔ)償裝置供設(shè)計(jì)選用。</p><p>　　我們從1995年開始，在天津經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)二期雨、污水泵站；東海路雨、污水泵站；泰豐路雨水泵站和天津市月牙河雨水泵站等工程中試用6kV高壓電容自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償裝置。經(jīng)過幾年來的使用，證明補(bǔ)償后功率因數(shù)達(dá)到0.95以上，自動(dòng)化水平高，補(bǔ)償效果滿意。得到各使用單位的一致好評(píng)。本文結(jié)合工程使用情況，就高壓電容集中自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償裝置有關(guān)技術(shù)問題進(jìn)行簡單介紹。以作拋磚引玉。</p><p><strong>　　二、補(bǔ)償實(shí)施方案和補(bǔ)償容量的確定</strong></p><p>　　要想得到理想的補(bǔ)償效果，首先要確定合理的補(bǔ)償實(shí)施方案、準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算需要補(bǔ)償?shù)娜萘�。目前常見的補(bǔ)償方法有傳統(tǒng)的固定式電容器組人工插拔熔斷器控制補(bǔ)償容量法；單臺(tái)設(shè)備隨機(jī)就地電容補(bǔ)償法和集中電容器自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償法。其中傳統(tǒng)補(bǔ)償方法簡單，但補(bǔ)償精度低，勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大，危險(xiǎn)性大，受人為因素影響太多。</p><p>　　單臺(tái)設(shè)備就地補(bǔ)償法就是針對單臺(tái)設(shè)備在當(dāng)?shù)剡M(jìn)行補(bǔ)償，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是從設(shè)備需求點(diǎn)補(bǔ)償，深入到需求補(bǔ)償?shù)谝晃恢�，補(bǔ)償范圍大。其缺點(diǎn)是確定補(bǔ)償容量困難。既不能過補(bǔ)償，又必須保證電路不得發(fā)生LC諧振和避免發(fā)生自激現(xiàn)象。因在計(jì)算無功電流時(shí)，無功電流主要成分是由電機(jī)勵(lì)磁電流I0，滿負(fù)荷運(yùn)行時(shí)的無功電流增量ID1、欠載運(yùn)行時(shí)的無功電流增量ID2等組成的。因?yàn)殡S著電動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)的變化，上述各參數(shù)都在不停地變化，動(dòng)態(tài)變量變化因素太多，很難確定準(zhǔn)確的無功補(bǔ)償需求量。不同的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備在選配電動(dòng)機(jī)時(shí)的啟動(dòng)容量裕度各不相同，所以，在設(shè)備運(yùn)行中其電動(dòng)機(jī)的飽和程度各不相同，其欠載運(yùn)行的無功電流增量ID2各不相同；其次，電動(dòng)機(jī)的實(shí)際工作狀態(tài)隨時(shí)變化，如：水泵電機(jī)隨著進(jìn)水水位、出水水位的變化電動(dòng)機(jī)負(fù)載率隨時(shí)都在變化，無法確定準(zhǔn)確的工況。而單臺(tái)設(shè)備就地補(bǔ)償法在補(bǔ)償容量確定后，是以固定不變的補(bǔ)償容量，去平衡隨時(shí)浮動(dòng)變化的動(dòng)態(tài)工況，就很難得到滿意的高精度補(bǔ)償效果。</p><p>　　此外，在單臺(tái)補(bǔ)償?shù)碾娙萜餮b置中，補(bǔ)償電容器是與主機(jī)一對一固定配套安裝的，隨著主機(jī)的運(yùn)行而補(bǔ)償電容器同時(shí)投入運(yùn)行，當(dāng)主機(jī)停止運(yùn)行時(shí)補(bǔ)償電容也一齊被切除，各機(jī)組之間的電容器相互獨(dú)立不能互補(bǔ)，電容器得不到充分利用，增加了設(shè)備投資。而且，市政工程的特點(diǎn)是運(yùn)行時(shí)間集中、設(shè)備容量較大；備用設(shè)備的運(yùn)行利用率更低等。再者，由于補(bǔ)償電容器隨著主機(jī)的運(yùn)行而一齊投入運(yùn)行，則主機(jī)的啟動(dòng)電流與電容器合閘涌流是同時(shí)處于最大值，兩個(gè)電流最大值相加增大沖擊電流效應(yīng)。</p><p>　　如果采用成組設(shè)備集中自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償法，則補(bǔ)償容量可根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)整體運(yùn)行工況需要，自動(dòng)投入所需容量，可以達(dá)到比較高的補(bǔ)償精度。隨著補(bǔ)償設(shè)備的步長越短則補(bǔ)償精度越高，如果步長為無級(jí)變化則功率因數(shù)從理論上講可以精確到1，這將為高精度準(zhǔn)確補(bǔ)償打下基礎(chǔ)。而且不論任何一臺(tái)電機(jī)工作時(shí)，補(bǔ)償電容器均可根據(jù)線路總體需要投入運(yùn)行，使每組補(bǔ)償電容器得到充分利用。</p><p><strong>　　三、補(bǔ)償設(shè)備步長劃分與設(shè)備配置</strong></p><p>　　雖然理論上無級(jí)自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償裝置補(bǔ)償精度可以達(dá)到1，但是在一般市政工程實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，為了合理地利用有限的資金投入，并不要求理論上的最大值，只要滿足工程精度需要就可以了。所以工程中大多數(shù)情況都是由多臺(tái)設(shè)備并列運(yùn)行，通常設(shè)備在4臺(tái)以上時(shí)，如將所需最大補(bǔ)償電容量分成6~8步等步長容量投入，就可以基本滿足工程實(shí)際精度需要。如同目前常見的低壓電容器自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償裝置一樣，一般分8步等容量投入方案的使用已經(jīng)非常普遍，其理論可以推廣到高壓電容補(bǔ)償裝置中使用。但是在高壓系統(tǒng)中如果沿用低壓補(bǔ)償?shù)乃悸�，對于采用高壓真空接觸器控制的方案，仍可采用等容量配置。而對于使用真空斷路器的情況而言，則因?yàn)檎婵諗嗦菲鲀r(jià)格相對較高，所以，在保證相同功能的基礎(chǔ)上盡量減少真空斷路器的使用數(shù)量，對節(jié)約投資是有著非常明顯的作用的。工程中如果合理選用控制器，可以減少真空斷路器數(shù)量，例如：對于采用等步長容量分配電容器組的設(shè)備組，7步補(bǔ)償需要7臺(tái)真空斷路器，如果采用1+2+4的不等容量控制器的配置，只需3臺(tái)真空斷路器就可以達(dá)到7步等步長容量補(bǔ)償?shù)男Ч湫问綖?、2、1+2、4、4+1、4+2、4+2+1。這樣既保證了補(bǔ)償精度又將大大節(jié)約設(shè)備的一次性投資。</p><p><strong>　　四、保護(hù)與控制</strong></p><p>　　高壓電容器自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償裝置的保護(hù)和控制，除常規(guī)的保護(hù)和控制外，還有一些特殊的需要注意的問題。我們在實(shí)際工程中遇到的一些在保護(hù)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)和調(diào)試過程中容易忽略的問題，一并在此作簡單介紹。在實(shí)際工程中，根據(jù)電動(dòng)機(jī)數(shù)量，一般采用7~8步控制投入。保護(hù)系統(tǒng)除過電壓、過電流等常規(guī)保護(hù)外，必須注意采用完善的三相保護(hù)，避免因單相故障造成的保護(hù)失靈和故障擴(kuò)大。合理配置限制涌流的電抗器，嚴(yán)格防止電磁諧振現(xiàn)象造成的破壞。</p><p>　　另外，保護(hù)系統(tǒng)必須注意補(bǔ)償電容器在自動(dòng)投入時(shí)，電容器上的電壓疊加問題，當(dāng)一組電容器退出運(yùn)行后，在再投入前，必須保證其充分放電后再投入運(yùn)行。保證其在再投入時(shí)其上的殘余電壓值降低到允許的電壓范圍以內(nèi)，避免由于再投入時(shí)殘余電壓與額定電壓的疊加造成電容器上的過電壓損壞。</p><p>　　其次控制系統(tǒng)中，特別需要注意的是工作電源、信號(hào)電源等檢測量的相位的正確配置。正確的向量配置是設(shè)備調(diào)試能順利進(jìn)行的有力保證和最起碼的要求，否則，會(huì)給調(diào)試工作帶來不必要的麻煩和增加許多不必要的工作量，以至于有時(shí)可能會(huì)調(diào)不出正確結(jié)論。</p><p>　　控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)隨著使用元件不同結(jié)構(gòu)略有差異。例如：補(bǔ)償裝置的接觸器，若使用電磁式真空接觸器，開/停為一個(gè)信號(hào)的1—0狀態(tài)，若使用機(jī)構(gòu)式接觸器或者采用真空斷路器時(shí)，其開/停必須是兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的信號(hào)。兩種控制各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，從節(jié)能、噪音等不同角度各有不同結(jié)論。仁者見仁，智者見智。設(shè)計(jì)可根據(jù)工程具體情況采用經(jīng)濟(jì)、合理、實(shí)用和技術(shù)先進(jìn)的設(shè)備配置。采用機(jī)構(gòu)式接觸器或者采用真空斷路器時(shí)的控制原理見《電容器自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償裝置控制原理圖》。</p><p><strong>　　五、結(jié)論</strong></p><p>　　目前廣泛使用的補(bǔ)償方式，大多數(shù)都是有級(jí)補(bǔ)償，為了達(dá)到更精確補(bǔ)償效果，最理想的補(bǔ)償方式是實(shí)現(xiàn)微機(jī)調(diào)控的無級(jí)自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償方式，它可以根據(jù)需要使補(bǔ)償后的功率因數(shù)達(dá)到最理想的精度，但是由于其技術(shù)含量高，投資費(fèi)用也相對高，還要求較高的管理維護(hù)水平。綜上所述，電容補(bǔ)償?shù)姆绞�，可根�?jù)工程具體情況進(jìn)行選擇。在補(bǔ)償精度滿足要求前提下優(yōu)先選擇工程造價(jià)低、運(yùn)行管理可靠、維修方便的設(shè)備。那么，采用不等容量配置的分級(jí)自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償方式就是經(jīng)濟(jì)合理和可行的方案之一。</p><scr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