考研英語閱讀理解是如何設(shè)計(jì)的

很多同學(xué)反映考研英語閱讀理解題目太刁鉆了。國家考研英語閱卷組成員、中國人民大學(xué)()外語學(xué)院副教授郭慶民老師為大家講解一下考研英語閱讀理解考題分析及解答技巧。

　　郭慶民：今天在這里我將再次為大家剖析一下考研英語閱讀理解的部分考題，并詳細(xì)介紹一下對應(yīng)的解答技巧。

　　英語的提高是個(gè)日積月累，厚積薄發(fā)的過程，也是逆水行舟、不進(jìn)則退的過程。你可以花一個(gè)月時(shí)間突擊政治。但絕不敢自恃英語基礎(chǔ)不錯(cuò)，放松英語的學(xué)習(xí)。提高英語成績的捷徑，我認(rèn)為是多做閱讀題：一是閱讀理解的分值太高了，決定著考研的成敗、考生的命運(yùn)，無法不重視。二是閱讀理解在鞏固詞匯，培養(yǎng)語感，提高英語水平方面有不可替代作用。

　　我們應(yīng)該都注意到了，考研英語閱讀文章的體裁大部分都是說明文和議論文。而這種體裁的文章，都是邏輯非常嚴(yán)密的文章。命題專家組不但選文是邏輯性強(qiáng)的，考察重點(diǎn)也是邏輯性較強(qiáng)的。我們經(jīng)常遇到的“看懂了文章，卻做不對題目”正是由于我們僅僅看懂了文章的字面意思，沒有去認(rèn)真體會(huì)文章的邏輯關(guān)系。

　　另外，考研作文長久以來的“三段式”也是直接考察邏輯思維的。結(jié)構(gòu)一般是這樣的：

　　主題(本質(zhì))段： 拿出主題X的句子+定義X的句子

　　展開段： 正推1+邏輯證明正推1； 正推2+邏輯證明正推2。

　　總結(jié)段： 對主題用辨證邏輯來下結(jié)論。

　　考研閱讀一般會(huì)在首句給出文章主題A，要養(yǎng)成認(rèn)出A馬上就問自己以上兩個(gè)問題的習(xí)慣。比如首句是“人是自私的嗎？”，那么顯然，自私就是A，作者一般會(huì)對A做概念解釋，然后通過正面證明自己觀點(diǎn)和反駁相反觀點(diǎn)的一系列邏輯推理來得出結(jié)論。那么，命題專家組就是要考察我們的這種邏輯思維能力。

　　下面我們實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練一篇考題來讓同學(xué)們進(jìn)一步領(lǐng)會(huì)一下：

　　2004年研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題

　　Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across Career Builder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”.[本文的主題詞在第二句P.S.A個(gè)人搜索工具。看到主題A應(yīng)該怎么做？問自己A是什么、A作用根據(jù)] It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.[很好，符合我們的思維，作者馬上對A做了定義] Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,’ says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. [更好，這幾句是對A能夠作用舉例論證。邏輯性非常強(qiáng)]

　　本段小結(jié)一下：主題+主題定義+主題根據(jù)。出題點(diǎn)不可能問主題是什么(都告訴我們了還考什么��！一定是考緊跟其后的主題定義或者主題根據(jù)，又由于主題定義作者給的非常清楚明白，因此，重點(diǎn)出題點(diǎn)可能在主題根據(jù))

　　With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases.[講了PSA的優(yōu)勢1：省時(shí)高效] But [剛才是PSA的優(yōu)勢，看到轉(zhuǎn)折詞，應(yīng)該提醒自己了，要說劣勢了]although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks.[很好，和我們預(yù)期的一樣，連專家都說有缺點(diǎn)了] Narrowing your criteria[講劣勢1，之后顯然是“拉虎皮做大旗”，用專家的話來證明其劣勢], for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.” says one expert.

　　本段講了主題的優(yōu)劣，是辨證的思維方式。小時(shí)候說“XXX是壞人”就不是辨證的思維。出題點(diǎn)肯定是優(yōu)勢1或者劣勢1了。

　　For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept —— what you think you want to do —— then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. [劣勢1的主人不再僅僅是PSA，而且是所有工作搜索工具，歸納思想]“There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead,[好了，都“辨證”的看了優(yōu)劣了，估計(jì)作者要講怎樣辨證的使用PSA了] the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide. [太好了。我們的思路和作者幾乎一致了。]

　　本段的重心在“辨證使用PSA”。出題點(diǎn)可能就這一個(gè)。

　　Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. [在“開發(fā)PSA－PSA－使用PSA”這個(gè)關(guān)系里，后兩個(gè)都講了，現(xiàn)在講到開發(fā)PSA了]When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs —— those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them —— and they do. [講開發(fā)者的吸引回訪策略1]“On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. [又是用別人的話再次論證此策略之成功]

　　本段是關(guān)系式里的頭把交椅“開發(fā)者”，因此，必然會(huì)對其策略出題。

　　Even[強(qiáng)調(diào)詞] those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. [再次轉(zhuǎn)回使用者，并且擴(kuò)大使用者的范圍。下面一定會(huì)論證憑什么擴(kuò)大這個(gè)范圍]Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. [的確。]Although happily employed, Redmon[Redmon再次閃亮登場！目的就是進(jìn)一步證明作者的推理無誤] maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.

　　本段是結(jié)尾段。但似乎沒有結(jié)束，這說明此文可能是節(jié)選。重心在使用者范圍的擴(kuò)大上。題目一定在“擴(kuò)大”上做文章。

　　那么，現(xiàn)在我來分析問題。

　　41. How did Redmon find his job?

　　[找到了工作就是主題根據(jù)。作者費(fèi)盡口舌就是為了說明PSA有用。我們可以把自己假想為PSA的推銷員，我們的開頭語應(yīng)該說“Redmon就是用了我們的XXX才找到工作的”吧？如果一開始就說A/B/D那些細(xì)節(jié)步驟的話，聽者早跑光了。]

　　[A] By searching openings in a job database.

　　[B] By posting a matching position in a database.

　　【C】By using a special service of a database.

　　[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.

　　42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?

　�。ê臀覀兛次恼碌臅r(shí)候分析的出題點(diǎn)一樣。就是劣勢1。A）

　　【A】 Lack of counseling.

　　[B] Limited number of visits.

　　[C] Lower efficiency.

　　[D] Fewer successful matches.

　　43. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means

　�。ü�然是考如何辨證使用PSA的細(xì)節(jié)。Tip service是作者話語中的表語，非常重要的。）

　　[A] advisory.

　　[B] compensation.

　　[C] interaction.

　　【D】 reminder.

　　44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?

　�。ü�然考策略。題干是策略，考的策略目的。文章很清楚的。）

　　[A] To focus on better job matches.

　　【B】 To attract more returning visits.

　　[C] To reserve space for more messages.

　　[D] To increase the rate of success.

　　45. Which of the following is true according to the text?

　�。ㄟ@種題目就是“根據(jù)本文，可以推理出什么……”，很直接地考推理�。�

　　[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters. [形而上學(xué)，明明作者是辨證的。這里怎么這么絕對？注意，如果作者的觀點(diǎn)是形而上學(xué)的，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)就有可能是正確選項(xiàng)]

　　[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands. [目的？應(yīng)該關(guān)注該段主題句，是為了增大訪問量]

　　【C】 Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed. [

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