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考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精解之分詞
充當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
1.賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞常放在感官動(dòng)詞see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, smell, notice, observe, watch, find后以及使役動(dòng)詞get, have, keep, set, send, leave后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
過(guò)去分詞常放在see, hear, watch, get, keep, leave, have, like, want, wish, order等詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
例句: My students found the book enlightening:it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.(1997年第24題)
分析: 該句是并列句,冒號(hào)后內(nèi)容對(duì)其前內(nèi)容做進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。
譯文: 我的學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書(shū)很有啟發(fā)性,因?yàn)樗驅(qū)W生提供了這一科目的大量信息。
例句: Canada?s premiers(the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce heath?care costs.(選自2005年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句部分為Canada?s premiers might spare a moment to do something,together,to reduce heath?care costs;after complaining about...的完整形式為after they are complaining about...。
譯文: 加拿大省府的官員們?nèi)绻?月下旬年會(huì)上對(duì)中央政府大發(fā)牢騷之后還有力氣的話(huà),他們應(yīng)該花一點(diǎn)時(shí)間來(lái)做一些實(shí)事,盡量減少健康福利的支出。
2.主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),原先主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)也相應(yīng)地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
例句: I was left wondering what he was driving at by his equivocal remark.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。what he was driving at作wondering的賓語(yǔ),wondering作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)成分,其中短語(yǔ)drive at意為“企圖,意圖,暗示”。
譯文: 他模棱兩可的言語(yǔ)不禁使我納悶:他到底是啥意思。
例句: I am kept informed by Professor Richard of the latest developments in genetic engineering in his country.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。短語(yǔ)keep sb. informed of意為“使某人了解或掌握某事”。
譯文: 理查德教授給我講解了他的國(guó)家基因工程的最新進(jìn)展。
(四)充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)
分詞作狀語(yǔ)是分詞重要用法,可以表示時(shí)間、原因、方式、條件、讓步、結(jié)果和伴隨情況,分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)(表示分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)出者,是隱含的)與句子主語(yǔ)保持一致,否則就會(huì)產(chǎn)生懸垂或蕩空結(jié)構(gòu)。
因此得出分詞作狀語(yǔ)的公式,即:分詞(短語(yǔ))+主謂。在該公式中,“分詞(短語(yǔ))”與“主謂”位置比較靈活,可以前后調(diào)換,“主謂”為一完整句子,該句的主語(yǔ)與“分詞(短語(yǔ))”的邏輯主語(yǔ)保持一致,另外,分詞在句中作狀語(yǔ),可以根據(jù)所表示內(nèi)容的不同將其改為相應(yīng)狀語(yǔ)從句。
例句: Having read for a long time, his eyes felt uncomfortable.
分析: 句中having read是分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)表示原因,而該句主語(yǔ)his eyes并不能作它的邏輯主語(yǔ),即產(chǎn)生懸垂或蕩空結(jié)構(gòu),所以應(yīng)改為:Having read for a long time (because he had read for a long time), he felt uncomfortable/he felt his eyes uncomfortable.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。分詞短語(yǔ)having read for a long time在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示原因。
譯文: 由于長(zhǎng)時(shí)間看書(shū),他感到眼睛不舒服。
例句: Changing from solid to liquid(When water changes from...),water takes in heat from all substance near it, and this absorption produces artificial cold surrounding it.
(1996年第29題)
分析: 該句是并列句。介詞短語(yǔ)from all substance near it在句中作狀語(yǔ),表示范圍(地點(diǎn)),分詞短語(yǔ)changing from solid to liquid在句中作狀語(yǔ),表示時(shí)間。
譯文: 水從固態(tài)變成液態(tài)時(shí),吸收它周?chē)形镔|(zhì)的熱量,而這種吸收造成了它周?chē)姆亲匀坏蜏貭顟B(tài)。
例句: Continued exposure to stress has been linked to worsened functioning of the immune system, leaving(and this leaves)a person more liable to infection.
(2000年第20題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。分詞leaving a person...在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示結(jié)果。
譯文: 持續(xù)不斷地處于緊張狀態(tài)已經(jīng)被證明與免疫系統(tǒng)功能下降有關(guān),這樣會(huì)使人更容易受到感染。
例句: At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. (選自2009年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。句子主干是the brain shuts down half of that capacity,分詞短語(yǔ)preserving only...作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨, that have seemed...是一個(gè)修飾modes of thought的定語(yǔ)從句,介詞短語(yǔ)during the first decade or so of life是定語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
譯文: 然而,在人類(lèi)青春期過(guò)后,大腦就會(huì)關(guān)閉一半的這種能力,僅僅保留那些在人生最初十幾年中看起來(lái)最有價(jià)值的思維模式。
另外,為了明確表示時(shí)間、條件、讓步等,有時(shí)可在分詞前加when,while,if,though等連詞。
例句: More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non?English?speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best?practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry?s work. (選自2009年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。句子主干是the researchers discovered that...,that后是discovered 的賓語(yǔ)從句,while examining housing construction是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,相當(dāng)于while researchers were examining...,介詞短語(yǔ)despite the complexity of...作讓步狀語(yǔ)。
譯文: 最近,在檢查房屋建設(shè)時(shí),研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)盡管建筑行業(yè)工作的復(fù)雜性很高,但是在得克薩斯州的休斯敦市,那些沒(méi)受過(guò)教育、不會(huì)講英語(yǔ)的墨西哥工人總是可以達(dá)到勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
例句: Though raised in San Francisco, Dave Mitchell had always preferred to record the plain facts of small?town life.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。Though raised in...在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示讓步,相當(dāng)于從句Though he was raised in...。
譯文: 盡管戴夫·米切爾出生在舊金山長(zhǎng)大,但他總是喜歡記錄小鎮(zhèn)平凡的生活。
例句: When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying“I have no idea.” (選自2007年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。what they want to do作asked的賓語(yǔ),When asked...相當(dāng)于When they are asked...。
譯文: 當(dāng)問(wèn)及他們將來(lái)想干什么時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)阻止他們回答說(shuō)“我還沒(méi)想好!
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