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2013考研英語語法重點精解 動名詞
動名詞是一種非謂語動詞,它的形式與現(xiàn)在分詞相同,具有名詞和動詞的某些特征,它可以帶賓語、狀語等構(gòu)成動名詞短語,在句中不能單獨做謂語。
一、動名詞的時態(tài)(Tense)
以動詞do為例:
主動 被動 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 從上述表格可以看出,動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)完全相同,而非謂語動詞之間的區(qū)別主要是用法上的區(qū)別。動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同,用法卻大相徑庭,動名詞一般式表示的動作通常與謂語動詞的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生,而動名詞的完成式則表示動作在謂語動詞的動作之前已發(fā)生。
例句: Mr. Jankin regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.(regretted與blaming所表示動作幾乎同時發(fā)生)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。動名詞blaming在句中作賓語,it was his own fault是discovered的'賓語從句。
譯文: 堅金先生后悔責(zé)怪秘書了,因為他后來發(fā)現(xiàn)是自己的過錯。
例句: ——Did you find out who had stolen my watch?
——That child didn?t admit having done that.(having done所表示動作在動詞admit 前已經(jīng)發(fā)生)
分析: 前一分句是一復(fù)合句,who had stolen my watch作find out的賓語,后一分句是一簡單句。
譯文: ——你查出是誰把我的手表盜走了嗎?
——那個孩子不承認(rèn)是他干的。
例句: I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(having been given所表示動作在謂語動詞appreciated之前已發(fā)生)
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 我很感謝兩年前給我出國進(jìn)修的機(jī)會。
二、動名詞的用法(Usage)
(一)充當(dāng)主語
例句: Knowing what you?re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.
(選自2009年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主語中what you?re good at作knowing的賓語。
譯文: 假如你了解自己在哪方面擅長并且更多地去實踐就能創(chuàng)造輝煌。
例句: Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests. (1998年第6題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。when引導(dǎo)一時間狀語從句。
譯文: 做作業(yè)是提高你考試成績的有效之策;對于隨堂測試,該方法尤為可靠。
(二)充當(dāng)表語
例句: We should always keep in mind that our work is serving the people.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中that our work is serving the people在句中作keep的賓語,短語keep sth. in mind意為“牢記……”。
譯文: 我們應(yīng)切實牢記我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。
例句: Reading is learning, but applying is also learning and the more important kind of learning at that.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 讀書是學(xué)習(xí),但使用也是學(xué)習(xí),而且是更重要的學(xué)習(xí)。
(三)充當(dāng)賓語
例句: Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations. (選自2007年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是簡單句。help kids practice...與help them apply...是兩并列謂語。
譯文: 在家中的討論可以幫助孩子練習(xí)這些事情,也可以幫助他們把這些技能應(yīng)用到現(xiàn)實的生活中去。
例句: In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”.(2005年第50題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。其中it是形式主語,真正的主語是to say “United we stand, divided we fall”。
譯文: 在應(yīng)對如此大規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn)時,我們可以毫不夸張地說:“聯(lián)合,我們就生存;分裂,我們就滅亡”。
(四)充當(dāng)定語
例句: In the past, he was the only person in the village that could drive walking tractor, which made most of the villagers jealous.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。that could drive walking tractor是修飾the only person的定語從句,非限制性定語從句which made most of the villagers jealous修飾的是前面整個句子。
譯文: 他過去是村里唯一會開拖拉機(jī)的人,這令大多數(shù)村民羨慕不已。
例句: The workers are busy building a listening room, which will have been finished by the end of this semester.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。非限制性定語從句which will have been finished by the end of this semester修飾a listening room。
譯文: 工人們正在修建的語音室將在本學(xué)期末竣工。
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