考研英語:語法大全(動名詞)
動名詞——
意義、形式和特征
1)動名詞(gerund)為非限定動詞的一種,由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成,與現(xiàn)在分詞同形,動名詞有動詞和名詞的特征。
2)動名詞的動詞特征:
a)動名詞可以有賓語。如:
I have finished repairing that machine.我修完那臺機器了。
b)動名詞可以用狀語來修飾。如:
They have started working in the apple-orchard.他們已經(jīng)開始在蘋果園里勞動了。
動名詞加賓語或狀語構(gòu)成動名詞短語,如上兩例中的
repairing that machine和working in the apple-orchard。
3)動名詞的名詞特征 在句中可作主語、賓語等。如:
Getting up early is a good habit.起早是個好習慣。(動名詞getting up作主語)
The foreign visitors enjoyed seeing Chinese acrobatics.外賓喜歡看中國雜技。(動名詞seeing作賓語)
用法:動名詞可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。
1)作主語:
Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見。
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.學習英語朗讀很重要。
Looking down on women is feudal ideology.輕視婦女是封建意識。
[注]在下面結(jié)構(gòu)中,亦可用引詞訌作形式主語,把意義上的主語即動名詞放在句末。如:
It's no use over spilt milk.牛奶打翻了哭也沒有用。(作無益的后悔沒有用)
It's no good talking about it.談也無用。
2)作表語:
Her job was looking after the pigs.她的工作是喂豬。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他愛好集郵。
[注] 動名詞作表語時,不可與進行時態(tài)相混淆。試比較:
She was washing clothes. (過去進行時)
她正在洗衣服。
Her job was washing clothes. (動名詞)
她的工作是洗衣服。
3)作賓語:
a)作直接賓語,用在begin,start,stop,finish,like等動詞后面。如:
please stop talking.請不要講話。
You must practise reading English aloud.你應練習朗讀英語。
b)作介詞的賓語。如:
My sister is fond of reading novels.我姐姐喜歡看小說。
We're tired of having the same kind of food everyday.我們對天天吃同樣的飯菜感到厭倦。
Instead of going to Zhongshan park,they went to the ZOO.他們沒有去中山公園,到動物園去了。
Mr. Bush earns his living by teaching.布什先生以教書為生。
He was punished for stealing.他因偷盜受到懲罰。
4)作定語:
My father works in a printing shop.我的父親在一個印刷廠工作。
Our school built a swimming pool last summer.我們學校去年夏天修建了一個游泳池。
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.我們教師的教學方法很好。
動名詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
動名詞否定結(jié)構(gòu)由not加動名詞組成。如:
Trying without success is better than not trying at all.試驗沒有成功也比不試驗好。
He Hated himself for not having worked hard.他悔恨自己沒有用功。
動名詞復合結(jié)構(gòu)
物主代詞或名詞所有格加動名詞,構(gòu)成動名詞復合結(jié)構(gòu)。在動名詞復合結(jié)構(gòu)中,物主代詞或名詞所有格是邏輯上的主語,動名詞是邏輯上的謂語動詞。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可用作主語、賓語等。如:
Your going there will help a lot.你到那里對事情將大有幫助。
(your going there作主語)
Please excuse my interrupting you.請原諒我打斷你。(my interrupting you作excuse的賓語)
Do you mind my smoking?我可以抽煙嗎?(my smoking作mind的賓語)
Aunt Liu was very happy about Wang's coming to see her.劉大娘很高興王來看她。(Wang's coming作介詞about的賓語)
We are looking forward to the expert's coming to speak to us.我們盼望那位專家來給我們作報告。(the expert's coming作look forward to的賓語)
[注]在口語中,這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞往往不用所有格,而用通格,代詞往往不用物主代詞,而用賓格,如上面第二、五兩句可改變?nèi)缦拢?/p>
Please excuse me interrupting you.
Aunt Liu was very happy about Wang coming to see her.
下面再舉幾例:
His father agreed to him becoming an engine-driver.他父親同意他做火車司機。
DO you remember me and my mother coming to see you?你還記得我和我母親來看你嗎?
Tides are caused by the moon and sun pulling water toward them.海潮是由于月亮和太陽吸引海水而引起的。
動名詞的時態(tài)
1)動名詞的時態(tài)形式
一般式writing
完成式having written
2)動名詞的一般式動名詞的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生,或在謂語動詞表示的動作之后。如:
Children enjoy watching colour TV. 兒童喜歡看彩色電視。
(enjoy與watching同時)
Would you mind opening the window and letting a little a air in?請你打開窗子,透透氣好嗎? (opening和letting發(fā)生在mind之后)
注意下面兩句中動名詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。如:
Do you remember cutting rice on the state farm? 你記得在國營農(nóng)場割水稻的事嗎? (cutting發(fā)生在remember之前)
I shall never forget seeing Lu Xun for the first time in 1932.我永遠不會忘記一九三二年第一次見到魯迅的情景。(seeing發(fā)生在 forget之前)
3)動名詞的完成式動名詞的完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。
I regret having been unable to write to you earlier.我很抱歉未能早點寫信給你。
His leg showed no symptom of having been injured.他的腿不像受過傷。
We were overjoyed at the news of China haying launched another man-made satellite.我們聽到中國又發(fā)射了一顆人造衛(wèi)星時都很高興。
動名詞的被動語態(tài)
動名詞有兩種被動語態(tài)形式:
一般式being written
完成式having been written
例:
This picture shows a child being beaten by a Japanese soldier.這張照片上一個孩子在遭到日本兵毒打。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted.會議延期并未和他商量。
動名詞和動詞不定式的比較
從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,兩者不同之點有:動名詞前可用介詞,它還可被名詞(或代詞)所有格修飾;不定式前通常不用介詞,更不能被名詞(或代詞)所有格修飾。動名詞和動詞不定式在實際運用中,有下列各點值得注意:
1)動名詞所表示的動作,在意義上比較一般和抽象,時間觀念不強,不指某一次動作;動詞不定式則常表示某個具體動作。如:
The students like playing football.這些學生喜歡踢足球。(經(jīng)常性的愛好)
Would you like to play football this afternoon?你今天下午愿意踢球嗎?(指一次的動作)
2)動詞不定式所表示的動作的邏輯主語常常是句子里的-一個名詞或代詞,動名詞所表示的動作的邏輯主語,可能是句子里的名詞或代詞,但也可能指一般人或物。如:
She hates to trouble you.她不愿意麻煩你。(to trouble的邏輯主語是she)
She hates smoking.她不喜歡吸煙。(smoking的邏輯主語不一定是she,也可能是"別人")
3)有些動詞,如:stop,remember,forget,后接動名詞和后接動詞不定式,其意義有所不同。試比較:
Stop talking.不要講話!(talking的賓語,指停止"講話"這個動作)
Stop to think about it for a moment.停下來一想。(to think是目的狀語,指停下來,以便想一想)
I remember seeing him。我記得見過他。(已見過,指過去的動作)
You must remember to post the letter.你不要忘了寄這封信。(還沒有寄,指未來的動作)
4)某些及物動詞后面只能跟動名詞作為它的直接賓語,不能跟動詞不定式。其中常用的有finish(作完,結(jié)束),avoid(避免),enjoy(享受),mind(在意,反對),insist on(堅持),object to(反對),give up(放棄),practise (實踐,練習),put off(延期)等。如:
We all enjoy listening go Beethoven's symphonies.我們都喜歡聽貝多芬的交響樂曲。
We should avoid making grammer mistakes in our exercises.我們應在練習中避免犯語法錯誤。
The doctor says I must give up smoking.醫(yī)生說我必須戒煙。
Would you mind repeating what you have just said?你重復一下你剛才說過的話好嗎?
5)某些及物動詞后只能跟動詞不定式作為它的直接賓語。常用的有want(要想),wish(希望,想要),hope(希望),agree(同意),promise(允諾),mean(打算),decide(決定),expect(期望),manage(設法),pretend(假裝)等。如:
I hope to visit China again.
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