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class="title">重論宋玉大小言賦之真?zhèn)?/h1> <div id="kz5jjfn0" class="info"> <span id="kz5jjfn0" class="time">時(shí)間：2023-05-01 06:58:03 </span> <span id="kz5jjfn0" class="sm_after_time"></span> <span id="kz5jjfn0" class="source"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.oriental01.com/lunwen/shehui/" title="社會(huì)文化論文">社會(huì)文化論文</a></span> <span id="kz5jjfn0" class="source"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.oriental01.com/usr/login.html" title="我要投稿">我要投稿</a></span> </div> <script type="text/javascript">s("content_top");</script> <div id="kz5jjfn0" class="content"> <div id="kz5jjfn0" class="excellent_articles_box"> <ul> <li id="kz5jjfn0" class="excellent_articles_title">相關(guān)推薦</li> </ul> </div> <p>重論宋玉大小言賦之真?zhèn)?/p>宋玉的《大言賦》和《小言賦》最早見于唐代的文獻(xiàn)資料，《藝文類聚》卷十九引有《大言賦》和《小言賦》的片斷�！段倪x》李善注于卷八揚(yáng)雄《羽獵賦》、卷十五張衡《思玄賦》和卷三十一江淹《雜體詩》的注釋中三次引用了《大言賦》中的語句，《初學(xué)記》卷一、卷五、卷十，三引《大言賦》，卷十又引有《小言賦》。宋代問世的《古文苑》，則刊載了《大言賦》和《小言賦》的全文。此后宋末的《文選補(bǔ)遺》、明代的《廣文選》、清代的《歷代賦匯》、近代的《全上古三代秦漢三國六朝文》均全文收載了《大言賦》和《小言賦》，均署名為宋玉，并未有異議。古代的文獻(xiàn)考據(jù)家，對(duì)宋玉的《大言賦》和《小言賦》亦未有異辭，宋許ｙǐ＠①在《彥周詩話》中說：“《樂府》記大言、小言詩，錄昭明詞，而不書始于宋玉，何也？豈誤耶？有說耶？”是肯定宋玉作大小言賦，而指責(zé)郭茂倩編《樂府》之失；明胡應(yīng)麟在《詩藪》中說：“然則《古文苑》所載六篇，唯大小言辭氣滑稽，或當(dāng)是一時(shí)戲筆，余悉可疑�！笔强隙ㄋ斡褡鞔笮⊙再x，而對(duì)《笛賦》、《舞賦》、《釣賦》、《諷賦》提出懷疑。 <p>　　對(duì)宋玉作《大言賦》和《小言賦》提出懷疑是現(xiàn)代的事。1927年，劉大白在《宋玉賦辨?zhèn)巍分姓J(rèn)為《小言賦》“以‘備’、‘備’跟‘偉’、‘貴’、‘類’、‘位’為韻”，“不合周秦古韻”[1]。1930年，陸侃如依據(jù)劉大白之說，于《屈原與宋玉》中斷言大小言賦“不合古音，知系偽托”[2]。1937年，游國恩于《宋玉大小言賦考》中以洋洋萬言專論大小言賦之偽，游先生認(rèn)為，大言小言之文風(fēng)起于先秦之世，“大小言賦若果為宋玉所作，何以兩漢以來，模仿之風(fēng)盛行，竟無一人摹擬之者，直待傅咸而始為之？”由是判定大小言賦為偽作，同時(shí)又根據(jù)晉代文風(fēng)等情況推斷：“《古文苑》所載大小言賦非但不出于宋玉，且必與傅咸之《小語賦》同為一時(shí)之作矣。”[3]至此，宋玉對(duì)《大言賦》和《小言賦》的著作權(quán)徹底被否定了，時(shí)至今日，鮮有撰寫專論為宋玉正名者。我們?cè)陉P(guān)于宋玉作品真?zhèn)螁栴}的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)，前輩學(xué)者對(duì)宋玉作大小言賦的否定，并不是完全符合客觀事實(shí)的，所以不避淺陋，將我們的一些看法撰寫成文，冀求教于大方之家。</p> <p>　　　　一、《小言賦》與它的用韻</p> <p>　　劉大白先生在《宋玉賦辨?zhèn)巍分姓f：“現(xiàn)在這十篇賦（指?jìng)魇赖乃斡褓x）里面，有好些地方，都不合周秦古韻�！盵4]而具體舉例分析中對(duì)于大小言賦，只舉出了《小言賦》不合古韻的例子，而沒有言及《大言賦》，可能他在該賦中沒有找到不合古韻的例證。如此，我們這里也僅就《小言賦》來討論。</p> <p>　　《小言賦》屬散文賦，它韻散相間，而以韻語為主，具體地說，賦中有三處散句，一是開頭三句，二是“王曰”一段中結(jié)尾的三句，三是賦文結(jié)篇處“王曰”一句。其余均為韻語。下面按王力先生擬定的上古韻部來進(jìn)行分析：</p> <p>　　“王曰”一段以偉（微部）、備（職部）、貴（物部）、類（物部）、位（物部）、備（職部）、通（東部）、工（樂部）為韻；“景差曰”一段以塵（真部）、鱗（真部）、身（真部）、巾（文部）、泯（真部）為韻；“唐勒曰”一段以舟（幽部）、流（幽部）、游（幽部）、憂（幽部）為韻；“又曰”一段以端（元部）、肝（元部）、殫（元部）為韻；“宋玉曰”一段以生（耕部）、名（耕部）、形（耕部）、庭（耕部）、生（耕部）、冥（耕部）、情（耕部）、精（耕部）為韻。從我們?cè)陧嵶趾罄ㄌ?hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)示的上古韻部可以看出，其中通、工屬東部韻，塵、鱗、身、巾、泯屬真、文合韻，舟、流、游、優(yōu)屬幽部韻，端、肝、殫屬元部韻，生、名、形、庭、生、冥、情、精屬耕部韻，均合先秦古韻，劉先生亦未有異議。至于劉先生提出的偉、備、貴、類、位、備等不合周秦古韻的問題，想來是因?yàn)?0年代對(duì)上古韻部研究還未臻完善的緣故。自從王力先生提出“戰(zhàn)國時(shí)代古韻應(yīng)分為三十部”的論斷，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)了《詩經(jīng)》、《楚辭》有通韻、合韻、異調(diào)通押的韻例，問題就迎刃而解了。[5]王力先生對(duì)“偉”字所屬韻部微部的擬音為i，對(duì)“貴”等韻字所屬的韻部物部的擬音為t，兩部分屬陰、入兩聲，但主要元音相同，可以相互對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)，屬于陰入通韻。王力先生對(duì)“備”字所屬韻部職部的擬音為k，與物部t同屬入聲，雖輔音韻尾不同，但主要元音相同，王力先生以為是元音相同而不屬于對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)者，名之為合韻。如此看來，說《小言賦》不合周秦古韻，是不符合事實(shí)的。</p> <p>　　對(duì)于《小言賦》，我們還不妨做逆向處理，這就是考察一下劉大白先生認(rèn)為符合先秦古韻的部分在中古的押韻情況。其中塵、鱗、身、巾、泯，屬于上平聲十七真；舟、流、游、憂，屬于下平聲十八尤；端，屬上平聲二十六桓，肝、殫，屬于上平聲二十五寒，寒部和桓部可同用；生，屬下平聲十二庚，名、情、精，屬下平聲十四清，庚部清部可同用；而形、庭、冥，屬于下平聲十五青，青部是獨(dú)用的韻部。這里我們是以《廣韻》為考察依據(jù)的。大家知道，《廣韻</p> <p><b>[1] [2] [3] [4] 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