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英國(guó)議會(huì)制辯論講座(BP制)-第七講反駁
I. ?Definition ?of ?refutation ? ?反駁的定義 ?Notes
A. ?Refutation ?involves ?one ?debater ?反駁涉及到一個(gè)辯手直接就對(duì)方辯手的論點(diǎn)做出反應(yīng)directly ?responding ?to ?an ?argument ?of ?an ?opposing ?debater.
B. ?Refutation ?involves ?a ?debater
objecting ?to ?an ?argument ?raised ?反駁涉及到一個(gè)辯手反對(duì)對(duì)方辯手所主張的論點(diǎn)by ?someone ?on ?the ?other ?side.
反駁的目的Purpose ?of ?refutation
A. ?To ?deny ?a ?competing ?argument ?否認(rèn)爭(zhēng)議中的論點(diǎn)
B. ?Weaken ?or ?even ?destroy ?an ?弱化甚至摧毀一個(gè)論點(diǎn)argument
C. ?To ?force ?the ?original ?debater ?to ?迫使原來(lái)（提出舊論點(diǎn)）的辯手提出更好的論點(diǎn)generate ?a ?better ?argument. ? ? ?II.
III.
Methods ?of ?refutation ?反駁方法A. ?Internal ?method—considering ?the ?內(nèi)部手段：從論證邏輯角度加以批駁standards ?of ?good ?arguments ?1. ?Acceptability ?of ?evidence ?證據(jù)的可接受性2. ?Relevance ?of ?link ?邏輯鏈的關(guān)聯(lián)性 3. ?Sufficiency ?of ?link ?邏輯鏈的充分性
可接受性
ＲＡＳ三角：良好論點(diǎn)所
應(yīng)符合的特征
關(guān)聯(lián)性充分性
B. ?External ?method ?外部手段
1. ?Creating ?counter ?arguments ?建立相抗論點(diǎn)
2. ?Objecting ?to ?opposing ?arguments
以我方既有論點(diǎn)反駁對(duì)方論點(diǎn)with ?arguments ?of ?your ?own
* ?Created ?September ?2012
Refutation– ?2
聯(lián)合手段Combination ?method
1. ?Combines ?the ?internal ?and ?將內(nèi)外手段聯(lián)合使用external ?method
2. ?Evaluates ?the ?argument ?在用良好論點(diǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)衡量對(duì)方的同時(shí)建立相抗論點(diǎn)
according ?to ?standards ?of ?a ?good ?argument ?while ?simultaneously ?creating ?a ?counter ?argument ?3. ?This ?is ?the ?strongest ?method ?of ?這是最強(qiáng)的反駁手段refutation.
Deciding ?what ?to ?refute ? ?反駁對(duì)象的選擇
不要什么都反駁1. ?Can’t ?refute ?everything ?2. ?Don’t ?focus ?on ?arguments ?that ?不要緊盯著最易反駁的點(diǎn)are ?the ?easiest ?to ?refute.
3. ?Focus ?on ?important ?arguments ?盯緊重要的點(diǎn)
4. ?Focus ?on ?arguments ?essential ?to ?聚焦反方立論的基礎(chǔ)與核心論點(diǎn)the ?opposing ?speaker’s ?case
5. ?Focus ?on ?arguments ?that ?prevent ?聚焦阻礙我方立論的對(duì)方論點(diǎn)you ?from ?making ?your ?own ?case
四步反駁法Process ?of ?refutation: ?Four-?‐Step
refutation
1. ?“They ?say ?. ?. ?.” ?(identify ?the ?target ?“對(duì)方認(rèn)為???”（指明目標(biāo)）
argument ?you ?will ?be ?refuting)
2. ?“But ?I ?say ?. ?. ?.” ?(state ?the ?claim ?of ?“但是我方認(rèn)為???”（闡明立場(chǎng)）
your ?own ?refutation)
3. ?“Because ?. ?. ?.” ?(provide ?support ?“因?yàn)???”（加以論證）for ?your ?refutation) ?4. ?“Therefore ?. ?. ?.” ?(explain ?why ?the ?“所以???”（說(shuō)明該點(diǎn)重要性）
argument ?is ?important ?to ?the ?debate) ? ?C. ?IV. ? ?V.
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