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工業(yè)革命前的英國
工業(yè)革命前的英國 England Before the Industrial Revolution
1．在農村，人們從早到晚都得干活，勞動者并不是沐浴在陽光下，而是生活在貧困和黑暗之中。
The country was a place where men worked from dawn to dark, and the labourer lived not in the sun, but in poverty and darkness .
2．那些幫助減輕勞動的機械都不知從哪個時代就有了,比如磨坊，在喬叟的時代就已經是古老的了.
What aids there were to lighten labour were immemorial , like the mill, which was already ancient in Chaucer’s time .
3．而工業(yè)革命就是從這些機械開始的，修造磨坊的匠人就是開創(chuàng)新時代的工程師。
The Industrial Revolution began with such machines ; the millwrights were the engineers of the coming age .
4．斯坦�？さ恼材匪埂げ剂值吕�，出身于貧苦的農村家庭;一七三三年，他十七歲，就招收改良磨坊的車輪，從而開始
了他那自我奮斗的生涯。
James Brindley of Staffordshire started his self-made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels , at the age of
seventeen ,having been born poor in a village .
5．布林德雷所做的改良是很實際的：改良并加強水車的實際功能。這是為新工業(yè)提供的第一部多功能機器。
Brindley’s improvements were practical : to sharpen and step up the performance of the water wheel as a machine . It was
the first multi-purpose machine for the new industries . Brindley worked ,
6．例如，布林德雷努力的改良燧石的碾磨過程，燧石是新興的陶瓷工業(yè)有用的材料。
For example , to improve the grinding of flints , which were used in the rising pottery industry .
7．然而，到了一七五0年，一場更大的運動已經在醞釀之中。
Yet there was a bigger movement in the air by 1750 .
8．水成了工程師們大顯身手的對象，想布林德雷這樣的人對它都著了迷。
Water had become the engineers’ element , and men like Brindley were possessed by it .
9．水在農村到處涌流漫溢。
Water was gushing and fanning out all over the countryside .
10．它不僅是一種能源，而且?guī)砹艘粓鲂碌倪\動。
It was not simply a source of power , it was a new wave of movement .
11．布林德雷是第一文庫網運河的先驅者，當時人們把開鑿運河叫做navigation.
James Brindley was a pioneer in the art of building canals or ,as it was then called , ‘navigation’.
12．布林德雷在為他的磨坊和礦井建筑工程到處奔走的時候，出于自愿和興趣，對沿途經過的河道進行了勘察。
Brindley had begun on his own account ,out of interest , to survey the waterways that he travelled as he went about his
engineering projects for mills and mines .
13．于是布里奇瓦特公爵就讓他開一條運河，以便把煤從公爵在烏斯利擁有的礦井運往新興城市曼徹斯特……
The Duke of Bridgewater then got him to build a canal to carry coal from the Duke’ pits at Worsley to the rising town of
Manchester……
14．布林德雷還更加大膽第用運河把曼徹斯特同利物浦聯(lián)結起來，修鑿了總長度為四百英里的遍布全英國的運河網。 Brindley went on to connect Manchester with Liverpool in an even bolder manner ,and in all laid out almost four hundred
miles of canals in a network all over England .
15．在修建英國運河網的過程中，有兩點是非常突出的，而這兩點也正是整個工業(yè)革命的特點。
Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals , and they characterise all the Industrial
Revolution .
16．首先法中這場革命的都是些實干家。同布林德雷一樣，他們都一般都沒有受過什么教育。
One is that the men who made the revolution were practical men . Like Brindley , they often had little education .
17．事實上，當時那種學校教育也只能窒息人的創(chuàng)造性。
and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind
18．按規(guī)定文法學校只能講授古典學科，這些學校的辦學宗旨本開就是如此。
The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been founded .
19．大學（當時只有兩所，一所牛津，一所劍橋）對現(xiàn)代的或科學的學科也不怎么感興趣；這兩所學校還把
不信奉英國國教的人關在門外。
The universities also (there were only two , at Oxford and Cambridge ) took little interest in modern or scientific
studies ;and they were closed to those who did not conform to the Church of England .
20．第二個突出的特點是：新發(fā)明都是為日常生活服務的。運河是交通的動脈，開運河不是為了走游艇，而是為了通
行駁船。
The other outstanding feature is that the new inventions were for everyday use .The canals were arteries of
communication : They were not made to carry pleasure boats ,but barges .
21．而駁船也不是為了運送奢侈品，而是為了運送瓦罐鐵鍋、成包的棉布、成箱的緞帶，以及那些只花了個把便士便
能買到的各式日用品。
And the barges were not made to carry luxuries ,but pots and pans and bales of cloth ,boxes of ribbon , and all the
common things that people buy by the pennyworth .
22．這些物品都是在遠離倫敦漸漸發(fā)展成為城鎮(zhèn)的農村制造的。這是一場全國范圍的貿易。
These things had been manufactured in villages which were growing into towns now , away from London ;it was a
country-wide trade .
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