英語(yǔ)作文
a. 按重要性順序排列（arrangement in order of importance） If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess. 這一段談的是表達(dá)能力，它的重要性與職業(yè)，身份有關(guān)，從“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”，最后是“most important”。 b.由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specific arrangement） If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that "sanguine" and "sanguinary" mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply. 這一段談的是a writer's carelessness，先給出一個(gè)general statement作為主題句，然后通過(guò)5個(gè) "perhaps"加以例證。 c. 由特殊到一般排列（specific-to-general arrangement） I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers. 本段的主題句是段首句，它僅提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題：為什么兩只貓會(huì)被搞混。然后對(duì)兩者進(jìn)行比較，末句才下結(jié)論。 2）、形連 行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)及其他手段來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。請(qǐng)讀下面這一段文字并找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語(yǔ)： Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal. 本文中起承上啟下的詞語(yǔ)有兩種，一種是轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)（transitional words or phrases），另一種是起轉(zhuǎn)換作用的其他連接手段（linking devices）。前者依次有：first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后者依次是：he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有詞匯105個(gè)，所使用的轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)及其他連接用語(yǔ)共26個(gè)詞，約占該段總詞匯量的四分之一。由此可見，掌握好transitions不僅對(duì)行文的流（smoothness）有益，而且對(duì)于學(xué)生在半個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)寫120個(gè)詞也是不無(wú)好處的。 一個(gè)段落里如果沒(méi)有transitions也就很難有coherence了.我們看下面一個(gè)例子： Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 en211ago. Written language is arecent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences. 本段中除了第6句開頭出現(xiàn)一個(gè)起過(guò)渡作用的"it"之外，沒(méi)有使用其他的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ).這樣，文中出現(xiàn)許多重復(fù)的詞語(yǔ)，全段讀起來(lái)也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的'過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾的話，這一段就成了下面一個(gè)流暢連貫的段落： Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences．
4、有損連貫性的幾種情況：
考生在寫作中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)下面幾種錯(cuò)誤： 1、不必要的改變時(shí)態(tài)，比如： In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway. 2、不必要的改變單復(fù)數(shù)，比如： Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships. 3、不必要的改變?nèi)朔Q，比如： Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge. 因此寫作中，一定要注意時(shí)態(tài)，人稱以及數(shù)的變化是否正確，要注意保持一致。
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